Method for Diagnosing Prognosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Crohn&#39;s Disease

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are methods for diagnosing and prognosing Inflammatory Bowel disease or Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) by measuring levels of antibodies to glycans in a biological sample.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/351,185, filed Feb. 8, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/843,033, filed May 11, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/728,227, filed Dec. 3, 2003. The contents of these applications are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to a method for diagnosing and/or predicting the prognosis of digestive diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and CD subtypes, as well as CD complications by detecting levels of antibodies to glycans in a subject.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which occurs world-wide and afflicts millions of people, is the collective term used to describe several gastrointestinal disorders of unknown etiology: Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Indeterminate Colitis (IC). IBD, Celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) will affect one-half of all Americans during their lifetimes, at a cost of several billion dollars. A primary determinant of these high medical costs is the difficulty of diagnosing digestive diseases. The cost associated with IBD and IBS is compounded by lost productivity, with persons suffering from these disorders missing an average of at least eight more days of work annually than persons not suffering from these disorders.

Symptoms associated with IBD, CD, UC, IC and IBS include, e.g., abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss and cramping. These symptoms occur in very similar forms in IBD (i.e., CD or UC or IC), as well as in irritable bowel syndrome or other non-IBD bowel diseases. This makes a definitive diagnosis of IBD, CD or UC extremely difficult. In fact, only about one-tenth of the several million people suspected of suffering from CD are actually diagnosed with the disease.

The difficulty in differentially diagnosing IBD or CD from other digestive diseases like IBS hampers early and effective treatment of these diseases. In addition, Crohn's disease does not have a constant appearance. It varies according to locations, behaviors, severities and activities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based in part on the discovery that patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, or Crohn's disease (CD) subtype, have elevated serum levels of certain IgG, IgA, and IgM isotype antibodies specific for certain glycan structures, as compared to the serum levels of these antibodies in healthy individuals, or individuals with IBS other types of gastrointestinal diseases.

Among the advantages of the invention is a highly sensitive and specific serological testing method for definitively distinguishing IBD patients from those with other digestive diseases, distinguishing patients with CD from UC, and for distinguishing CD patients with complicated disease from CD patients with less severe disease. The discrimination offered by the methods of the invention considerably shortens the time for initiating appropriate treatment and reduces significantly the amount of time and number of other procedures a patient must undergo until a diagnosis is made.

A further advantage of the invention is a panel of serological antibodies to certain sugar structures that provide these three different levels of information: first, whether or not a patient has IBD: second, if a patient does not have IBD, whether the patient has Crohn's disease; and third, for a patient that is diagnosed with Crohn's disease the severity and complications of the disease. This information can considerably shorten the period time for initiating appropriate treatment as well as reduce significantly the amount of time and number of procedures a patient will undergo until his diagnosis is accomplished. This facilitates earlier and more appropriate therapeutic intervention and minimizing uncertainty for patients and their families.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of diagnosing IBD or Crohn's disease or predicting CD complications in a subject by providing a test sample from the subject and detecting in the test sample at least one of the following anti-glycan antibodies: an anti β-Glc antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-β-GlcNAc 6-sulfate antibody, an anti-Dextran antibody, an anti-Xylan antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-β-Gal 3-sulphate antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-α-Gal antibody, an anti-Gal(β) antibody, an anti-GalNAc(α) antibody, an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-α-Glc antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,6)Gal(β) antibody, an anti-Laminarin antibody, and an anti-GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) antibody. The presence of one or more of the antibodies in the test sample indicates the subject has Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, levels of the anti-glycan antibody or antibodies in the test sample are compared to the levels of anti-glycan antibodies in a control sample. The control sample is chosen from a group that includes one or more individuals known to have or not to have a gastrointestinal disorder, or to have or not to have a gastrointestinal disorder other than Crohn's disease. When the control sample is from an individual or individuals that do not have Crohn's disease, or has a gastrointestinal disease other than Crohn's disease, elevated levels in the test sample relative to the control sample indicates that the subject has Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the control sample is from one or more individuals with a gastrointestinal disorder that is irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis or other digestive diseases. In some embodiments, the control sample is from one or more individuals that do not have a gastrointestinal disorder.

In some embodiments, the control sample is from one or more individuals with a Crohn's disease with inflammation type of disease not suffering from fistulas or structuring disease.

In some embodiments, the control sample is from one or more individuals with a Crohn's disease that not underwent surgery.

In various embodiments, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or all of these antibodies are detected.

In some embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the test sample has an anti-Mannan antibody, which is also known as an anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA). The presence of the anti-Mannan antibody in the sample indicates the subject has Crohn's Disease.

In some embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the test sample has an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). The presence of ANCA indicates the subject has IBD, may have Ulcerative Colitis, but probably does not have does not have Crohn's Disease.

The test sample can be, e.g., a biological fluid. Examples of biological fluids include, e.g., whole blood, serum, plasma, spinal cord fluid, urine, or saliva.

In some embodiments, one, two, three, four or all five of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody, an anti Man(α1,3)[Man(α1,6)]Man(α) antibodies, anti-α-Man and/or anti-Mannan antibodies are detected.

The method can optionally include determining the isotype of the antibody. For example the method can include determining whether the antibody is an IgM, IgA, or IgG-type antibody. In some embodiments, the method is used to identify and compare one or more of an anti-Glc(β) IgG antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) IgG antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) IgG antibody, an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-α-GalNAc antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,4)Glc(β) IgG antibody, an anti-β-GlcNAc 6-sulfate IgG antibody, an anti-α-Man IgG antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)[Man(α1-6)]Man(β) IgG antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) IgG antibody, an anti-Mannan IgG antibody an anti-Mannan IgA antibody, an anti-Laminarin antibody, an anti-Xylan IgG antibody, or an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) IgG antibody.

In some embodiments, a subject is scored as having CD if the test sample has elevated levels of one or more of an IgG anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β), IgG anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α), IgG anti Mannan (ASCA) antibodies, or IgA anti Mannan (ASCA) antibodies, but does not have elevated levels of ANCA.

In some embodiments, a subject is scored as having IBD if the test sample has elevated levels of IgG anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β), IgG anti anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α), IgG anti Mannan (ASCA) antibodies, IgA anti Mannan (ASCA) antibodies, or ANCA.

In some embodiments, the anti-glycan antibody or antibodies are detected using a fluorescent antibody, or are detected using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).

The test sample can be, e.g., a biological fluid. Examples of biological fluids include, e.g., whole blood, serum, plasma, spinal cord fluid, urine, or saliva.

The method can optionally include determining the isotype of the antibody. For example the method can include determining whether the antibody is an IgM, IgA, or IgG-type antibody.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for diagnosing Crohn's disease in a subject. The method includes providing a test sample from a subject and determining whether an anti-glycan antibody is present in the test sample. At least one anti-glycan antibody is an IgG Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody or an IgG anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody. The presence of at least one antibody in the test sample indicates the subject has Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, levels of the anti-glycan antibody or antibodies in the test sample are compared to the levels of anti-glycan antibodies in a control sample. The control sample is chosen from a group that includes one or more individuals known to have or not to have a gastrointestinal disorder, or to have or not to have a gastrointestinal disorder other than Crohn's disease. When the control sample is from an individual or individuals that do not have Crohn's disease, or has a gastrointestinal disease other than Crohn's disease, elevated levels in the test sample relative to the control sample indicates that the subject has Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the control sample is from one or more individuals with a gastrointestinal disorder that is irritable bowel syndrome or ulcerative colitis or other digestive diseases. In some embodiments, the control sample is from one or more individuals that do not have a gastrointestinal disorder.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of differentially diagnosing Crohn's disease or inflammatory bowel disease in a subject. The method includes providing a test sample from a subject and determining whether the sample has an antibody that is an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), an IgG anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an IgG ASCA and/or IgA ASCA. The absence of ANCA and the presence of at least one of the IgG anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) IgG ASCA, and IgA ASCA antibodies in the test sample indicates the subject has Crohn's disease, and the presence of at least one of the antibodies in the test sample indicates the subject has inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

In some embodiments, the anti-glycan antibody or antibodies are detected using a fluorescent antibody, or are detected using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).

The test sample can be, e.g., a biological fluid. Examples of biological fluids include, e.g., whole blood, serum, plasma, spinal cord fluid, urine, or saliva.

The invention additionally provides a method of differentially diagnosing Crohn's disease colitis and ulcerative colitis in a subject. The method includes providing a test sample from a subject and determining levels of at least one an anti-glycan antibody in the sample. The anti-glycan antibody can be one or more of an IgG anti-Gal(α1,4)GlcNAc(α) antibody, an IgG anti-Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an IgG anti-α-GalNAc antibody, an IgG anti-α-Glc antibody, an IgG anti-β-Glc antibody, an IgG anti-β-GlcNAc(6-Sulphate) antibody, an IgG anti-β-GlcNAc antibody, an IgG anti-GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) antibody, an IgA anti-Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an IgA anti-Gal(α1,4)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an IgA anti-β-Gal antibody, an IgA anti-Gal(β1,3)[GlcNAc(β1,6)]GalNAc(α) antibody, an IgA anti-Gal(β1,3)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an IgA anti-Gal(β1,6)Gal(β) antibody, an IgA anti-GalNAc(α) antibody, an IgA anti-β-GalNAc antibody, IgA an anti-Glc(β) antibody, an IgA anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an IgA anti-β-GlcNAc antibody, an IgA anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an IgA anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(α) antibody, an IgA anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an IgA anti-GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) antibody, and an IgA anti-β-Xyl antibody. The presence of the at least one antibody in the test sample indicates the subject has Crohn's disease colitis.

In some embodiments, the method further includes comparing the levels of the at least one anti-glycan antibody in the test sample to the levels of the at least one anti-glycan antibody in a control sample, wherein the control sample is selected from the group consisting of one or more individuals known to have or not to have Crohn's disease colitis or known to have or not to have ulcerative colitis (UC).

In some embodiments, the method includes determining whether an additional anti-glycan antibody or antibodies are present in the sample. The additional anti-glycan antibody can be one or more of an IgG anti-α-Gal antibody, an IgG anti-α-Man antibody, an IgG anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an IgG anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an IgG anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody, an IgA anti-Man(α) antibody, an IgA anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody, an IgA anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an IgA anti-Man(β1,3)Man(α) antibody, an IgA anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody, an IgA anti-β-Man antibody, and an IgA anti-α-Xyl antibody. The presence of the additional antibody or antibodies in the test sample indicates the subject has Crohn's disease colitis.

In some embodiments, the additional antibody or antibodies is an IgA anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody and/or and an IgG anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody.

In some embodiments, the method includes detecting at least two, three, four, five, six seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven or twelve of the antibodies.

In some embodiments, the test sample is a biological fluid (e.g., whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, or saliva).

In some embodiments, the anti-glycan antibody or antibodies are detected using a fluorescent antibody, or are detected using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).

The test sample can be, e.g., a biological fluid. Examples of biological fluids include, e.g., whole blood, serum, plasma, spinal cord fluid, urine, or saliva.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for diagnosing severe Crohn's disease in a subject. The invention includes providing a test sample from a subject with symptoms of Crohn's disease and determining whether the sample includes one or more of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody. The presence of the antibodies in the test sample indicates the subject has severe Crohn's disease. In various embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 of the antibodies are detected.

In some embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the sample includes one or more of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA), an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA). In various embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the antibodies are detected.

In some embodiments, the method includes further determining whether the sample includes an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA).

In some embodiments, the method additionally includes determining whether the subject has a CARD15 allele associated with Crohn's disease. In some embodiments, the CARD15 allele is the R702W, G908R, or 1007fs CARD15 allele.

In some embodiments, the method includes further comprising determining whether the subject with severe Crohn's disease has strictures or fistulas.

In some embodiments, the method includes treating the subject with the antibodies for symptoms associated with severe Crohn's disease. In some embodiments, the treatment is surgery.

In some embodiments, one or more of the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, the anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), and the anti-laminarin antibody are IgG antibodies and one or both of the anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA) and the anti-β-GalNAc antibody are IgA antibodies.

In some embodiments, one or more of the gASCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA) and anti-α-Man antibody (AMA) are IgG antibodies.

In some embodiments, the test sample is serum.

In some embodiments, the presence of antibodies in the sample are determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

In some embodiments, a subject is determined to have the indicated disease if the level of the measured antibody is above a cut-off value, which can be independently determined for each antibody. The cut-off values can be independently selected to achieve an optimized clinical parameter including, e.g., sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement.

Thus, in some embodiments, the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if when the anti-β-GalNAc is above S, the anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody is above T, the ALCA level is above W, the AGCA is above X, the anti-laminarin antibody is above Y, and the ACCA level is above Z, where S, T, W, X, Y, and Z are selected to optimize sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement.

Similarly, in other embodiments, the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease, if when the gASCA level is above U, and the AMCA is above V, U and V are independently selected to achieve an optimized clinical parameter selected from the group consisting of: sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement. Additional variables (denoted by an arbitrary identifier such as a letter) can be assigned for assessing levels of other anti-glycan antibodies in the assays disclosed herein.

In other embodiments, the method comprises determining the aggregate amount of ALCA, anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, AGCA, anti-β-GalNAc antibodies, anti-laminarin antibodies and ACCA, the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if the aggregate amount of the antibodies is greater than R

In other embodiments, the method includes determining the aggregate amount of ALCA, anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, AGCA, anti-β-GalNAc anti-laminarin antibodies and ACCA, the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if the aggregate amount of the antibodies is greater than R.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the aggregate amount of gASCA, AMCA, AMBA, AMNA and AMA antibodies, and the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if the aggregate amount of the antibodies is greater than R.

In a still further aspect, the invention provides a method for assessing the prognosis of Crohn's disease complications in a subject by providing a test sample from a subject with symptoms of Crohn's disease, and determining whether the sample includes an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-Glc(α1,6)Glc(α) antibody, and/or an anti-laminarin antibody. The presence of the antibodies in the test sample indicates a severe Crohn's disease prognosis for the subject.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for assessing the prognosis of Crohn's disease complications in a subject. The method includes providing a test sample from a subject with symptoms of Crohn's disease and determining whether the sample includes one or more of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), and an anti-Mannan antibody. The presence of the antibodies in the test sample indicates a severe Crohn's disease prognosis for the subject.

In a further aspect, the invention features a method for differentiating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from a disease other than IBD in subject. The method includes providing a test sample from a subject with symptoms of IBD and determining whether the sample includes determining whether the sample includes one or more of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-Glc(α1,6)Glc(α) antibody and an anti-Glc(α1,6)Glc(α) antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody. The presence of the antibodies in the test sample indicates the subject has inflammatory bowel disease.

In some embodiments, the method includes determining whether the sample includes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-Glc(α1,6)Glc(α) antibody, and/or an anti-laminarin antibody.

In some embodiments, the method further includes further comprising determining whether the sample includes one or more of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA), an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and anti-α-Man antibody (AMA). In some embodiments, the method includes detecting 2, 3, 4, or 5 of these antibodies.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining whether the sample includes an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA).

In some embodiments, the method includes further comprising determining whether the subject has a CARD15 allele associated with Crohn's disease. The allele can be, e.g., a R702W, G908R, or 1007fs CARD15 allele.

In some embodiments, the method includes further determining whether the subject with inflammatory bowel disease has strictures or fistulas.

In some embodiments, the method includes further treating the subject with the antibodies for symptoms associated with severe Crohn's disease. In some embodiments, the treatment is surgery.

In some embodiments, the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, the anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), the anti-β-GalNAc, and/or the anti-laminarin antibody is an IgG antibody, and the anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA) and/or the anti-β-GalNAc antibody is an IgA antibody.

In some embodiments, the gASCA antibody, anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA) and/or or anti-α-Man antibody (AMA) is an IgG antibody.

In some embodiments, the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, the anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), the anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and the anti-laminarin antibody are IgG antibodies and the anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA) and the anti-β-GalNAc antibodies are IgA antibodies.

In some embodiments, the test sample is serum.

In some embodiments, the presence of antibodies in the sample are determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

In some embodiments, the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if when the ALCA level is above W, the AGCA is above X, the anti-laminarin antibody is above Y, and the ACCA level is above Z, wherein W, X, Y, and Z are independently selected to achieve an optimized clinical parameter selected from the group consisting of: sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement.

In some embodiments, the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease, if when the gASCA level is above U, and the AMCA is above V, where U and V are independently selected to achieve an optimized clinical parameter selected from the group consisting of: sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement.

In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the aggregate amount of ALCA, AGCA, anti-laminarin antibodies and ACCA, the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if the aggregate amount of the antibodies is greater than T.

The invention additionally provides reagents for detecting anti-glycan antibodies that reveal the presence of Crohn's Disease. The reagents include one or more carbohydrates that specifically react with an anti-β-Glc antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-α-GalNAc antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β) 6-sulfate antibody, an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)[Man(α1,6)]Man(α), an anti-Mannan antibody, an anti-Dextran antibody, an anti-Xylan antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-β-Gal 3-sulphate antibody, an anti-aGlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, and/or an anti-Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody. In some embodiments, the reagents are attached to a solid phase.

Also within the invention are arrays that include reagents (preferably carbohydrate reagents) that specifically detect the disease-detecting antibodies disclosed herein. For example, an array useful for detecting CD can include one or more reagents that detect an anti-β-Glc antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β) 6-sulfate antibody, an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody, an anti-α-Man antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)[Man(α1,6)]Man(α), an anti-Mannan antibody, an anti-Dextran antibody, an anti-Xylan antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-Gal 3-sulphate(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1-4)Glc(β) antibody, Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody.

In some embodiments, the reagents that are used to specifically bind and detect those anti glycans antibodies are the specific glycan structures. In other embodiments, the reagents are other molecules or macromolecules that include the specific glycan structure. The glycan or sugar structures can be only the a carbohydrate moiety (including monosaccharides an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide) or displaying on any solid phase or other macromoleculeor any other molecular structure that includes the glycan. The glycan-containing structure can be naturally occurring, e.g., extracted from an organism, or synthetic.

For example, the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody can be detected using the polysaccharide β-D(1,3) Glucan, a polymer of glucose units connected in a (β1,3) glycosidic bond. Thus, the glycan itself can be used for detecting the corresponding antibody or antibodies, as can any carbohydrate, peptide, protein, or any other molecular structure that includes the glycan.

In some embodiments, the reagents that are used to specifically bind and detect the anti glycans antibodies of the invention are peptides that mimic the carbohydrate antigens of the invention. The peptides can be used to identify specific anti glycan antibodies.

The array may additionally include a reagent or reagent, e.g., a carbohydrate reagent or reagents, that detect an anti-Mannan (ASCA) antibody or a ANCA.

In some embodiments, the glycans are attached to the array via a linker. A suitable linker includes at least one ethylene glycol derivative, at least two cyanuric chloride derivatives and an anilino group.

In some embodiments, at least two of the reagent or reagents are provided at the same location on the addressable array.

In some embodiments, the array includes a reagent, e.g., a glycan reagent that detects an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody and/or an IgG anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody.

Other arrays include arrays useful for differentially diagnosing Crohn's disease or inflammatory bowel disease in a subject. The array includes one or more reagents (e.g., glycan or peptide reagents) that detect an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an ASCA; or an ASCA. In some embodiments, the array includes, one, two, or three of these reagents.

The invention additionally provides an array of reagents (e.g., glycan or peptide reagents) useful for differentially diagnosing Crohn's disease colitis and ulcerative colitis in a subject. The arrays include one or more reagents that detect an anti-Gal(α1,4)GlcNAc(α) antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GalNAc(α) antibody, an anti-α-Glc antibody, an anti-β-Glc antibody, an anti-β-GlcNAc(6-Sulphate) antibody, an anti-β-GlcNAc antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) antibody, an anti-Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Gal(α1,4)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-β-Gal antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,3)[GlcNAc(β1,6)]GalNAc(α) antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,3)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,6)Gal(β) antibody, an anti-α-GalNAc antibody, an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-β-Glc antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-β-GlcNAc antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(α) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) antibody, and an anti-Xyl(β) antibody.

In some embodiments, the array includes reagents that bind 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 of these antibodies.

The array may additionally include a reagent, e.g, a glycan or peptide reagent, that detects an anti-Gal(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α) antibody, anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an anti-Man(β1,3)Man(α) antibody, an an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody, an anti-β-Man antibody, and/or an anti-α-Xyl antibody.

In some embodiments, the array includes reagents that bind 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 of these antibodies.

The array may additionally include a reagent (e.g., a glycan or peptide reagent) that detects an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody and/or an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody.

Also provided by the invention is an array useful for differentially diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or non-IBD digestive disease (NIC). The array includes a reagent (e.g., a glycan or peptide reagent) that detects anti chitobioside (GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β)) carbohydrate antibodies (ACCA) and/or anti-mannan (ASCA) antibodies. The array may optionally include a reagent that detects anti-laminarobioside (Glc(β1,3)Glc(β)) Carbohydrate Antibodies (ALCA).

The invention additionally provides kits that include reagents for detecting anti-glycan antibodies that reveal the presence of Crohn's Disease. The kits include one or more carbohydrate reagent(s) that specifically reacts with an anti-Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β) 6-sulfate antibody, an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody, an anti-α-Man antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)[Man(α1,6)]Man(α), an anti-Mannan antibody, an anti-Dextran antibody, an anti-Xylan antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-Gal 3-sulphate(β) antibody, an anti-aGlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1-4)Glc(β) antibody, and/or an anti-Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody. The kits may be provided in one or more containers. In some embodiments, the kits contain directions for using the kits to perform the methods described herein. The kits may optionally include reagents for detecting antibody isotypes (e.g., IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies).

In some embodiments, the kits include reagents that are used to specifically bind and detect those anti glycans antibodies that are the specific glycan structures. In other embodiments, the reagents in the kits are other molecules or macromolecules that include the specific glycan structure. For example, the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody can be detected using the polysaccharide β-D(1,3) Glucan, a polymer of glucose units connected in a (β1,3) glycosidic bond. Thus, the glycan itself can be used for detecting the corresponding antibody or antibodies, as can any carbohydrate, peptide, protein, or any other molecular structure that includes the glycan.

In some embodiments, the kits include reagents that are used to specifically bind and detect ASCA and/or ANCA.

Also provided by the invention are kits useful for differentially diagnosing Crohn's disease or inflammatory bowel disease in a subject. The kit includes one or more reagents (e.g., glycan or peptide reagents) that detect an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an ASCA; or an ASCA. In some embodiments, the kit includes, one, two, or three of these reagents.

The invention additionally provides a kit of reagents (e.g., glycan or peptide reagents) useful for differentially diagnosing Crohn's disease colitis and ulcerative colitis in a subject. The kits include one or more reagents that detect an anti-Gal(α1,4)GlcNAc(α) antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-α-GalNAc antibody, an anti-α-Glc antibody, an anti-β-Glc, antibody, an anti-β-GlcNAc(6-Sulphate) antibody, an anti-β-GlcNAc antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) antibody, an anti-Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Gal(α1,4)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-β-Gal antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,3)[GlcNAc(β1,6)]GalNAc(α) antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,3)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,6)Gal(β) antibody, an anti-α-GalNAc antibody, an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(α) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) antibody, and an anti-β-Xyl antibody In some embodiments, the kit includes reagents that bind 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 of these antibodies.

The kit may additionally include a reagent, e.g, a glycan or peptide reagent, that detects an anti-Gal(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α) antibody, anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α1,6)Man(β) antibody, an anti-Man(β1,3)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody, an anti-β-Man antibody, and/or an anti-α-Xyl antibody. In some embodiments, the kit includes reagents that bind 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 of these antibodies.

The kit may additionally include a reagent (e.g., a glycan or peptide reagent) that detects an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody and/or an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody.

Also provided by the invention is a kit useful for differentially diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or non-IBD digestive disease (NIC). The kit includes a reagent (e.g., a glycan or peptide reagent) that detects anti chitobioside (GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β)) carbohydrate antibodies (ACCA) and/or anti-mannan (ASCA) antibodies. The kit may optionally include a reagent that detects anti-laminarobioside (Glc(β1,3)Glc(β)) Carbohydrate Antibodies (ALCA).

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patent, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing a Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve for differentiation between individuals with CD and individuals with other digestive diseases using IgG anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) (Gb3Gb) and IgG anti-Mannan antibodies

FIG. 2A is a box plot graph of the difference between CD colitis and UC groups for the levels of some antiglycan IgG antibodies.

FIG. 2B is a box plot graph of the difference between CD colitis and UC groups for the levels of some antiglycan IgA antibodies.

FIG. 3 is ROC curves differentiating between CD patients with complicated diseases and CD patients non-complicated disease courses using a combination of gASCA and CARD15 variants, and using a combination of gASCA, ACCA, ALCA and CARD15 variants.

FIG. 4 are ROC curves comparing the prediction performance of the known predictors gASCA and CARD15 to the combination of ALCA, ACCA, gASCA and number of CARD15.

FIG. 5 are ROC curves comparing the diagnosis performance of the known predictors gASCA and CARD15 to the combination of ALCA, ACCA, gASCA and CARD15

FIG. 6 are ROC curves differentiating between CD patients (n=133) and UC (n=75) according to anti-laminarin IgG and ALCA IgG levels.

FIG. 7 shows ALCA IgG and anti-laminarin IgG antibodies in CD patients (n=133) and UC (n=75).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides methods for differentially diagnosing inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients (including Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis) and non-IBD patients (including, for example, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Celiac disease or any other bowel condition which is not IBD) by examining a test sample from a subject for antibodies to one or more specific glycans. The presence of the antibodies in the test sample indicates the subject has IBD, CD and not disease other than IBD (such as IBS). In some embodiments, elevated levels of glycans in a test sample from the subject as compared to the levels of the glycan or glycans in a reference sample that does not have CD indicates that the subject has CD. The methods can be used distinguish the presence of CD in a subject from other inflammatory bowel diseases (including ulcerative colitis).

Certain antibodies to glycan structures are discussed herein. A translation of LinearCode™ syntax used to describe glycan structure in IUPAC nomenclature can be found in Table 1. The glycans are presented either in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) condensed form for nomenclature carbohydrate representation or in LINEARCODE® syntax, for linear code syntax principles see (Banin et al., Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, 14:127-37, 2002). A translation of the LINEARCODE® representation to IUPAC representation is presented in Table 1. All the glycan structures that discussed herein, unless mentioned otherwise, are connected in the indicated anomericity α or β to another molecular structure, linker, or solid phase.

In some embodiments, the reagents that are used to specifically bind and detect those anti glycans antibodies are the specific glycan structures. In other embodiments, the reagents are other molecules or macromolecules that include the specific glycan structure. The glycan or sugar structures can be only the a carbohydrate moiety (including monosaccharides an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide) or displaying on any solid phase or other macromoleculeor any other molecular structure that includes the glycan. The glycan-containing structure can be naturally occurring, e.g., extracted from an organism, or synthetic.

For example, the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody can be detected using the polysaccharide β-D(1,3) Glucan, a polymer of glucose units connected in a (β1,3) glycosidic bond. Thus, the glycan itself can be used for detecting the corresponding antibody or antibodies, as can any carbohydrate, peptide, protein, or any other molecular structure that includes the glycan.

In some embodiments, the reagents that are used to specifically bind and detect the anti glycans antibodies of the invention are peptides that mimic the carbohydrate antigens of the invention. The peptides can be used to identify specific anti glycan antibodies.

As used herein, the term “inflammatory bowel disease” is synonymous with “IBD” and is a collective term referring to both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Thus, an individual having either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis is defined herein as having IBD. Conversely, an individual having neither ulcerative colitis nor Crohn's disease does not have IBD as defined herein. The term “inflammatory bowel disease” distinguishes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis from all other disorders, syndromes or abnormalities of the gastroenterological tract including irritable bowel syndrome.

As used herein, the term “Non inflammatory bowel disease” is synonymous with “Non-IBD” and is a collective term referring to all other disorders, syndromes or abnormalities of the gastroenterological tract including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

The methods for diagnosing IBD may additionally include determining whether a sample is positive for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies that produce a perinuclear staining pattern (pANCA) are elevated in 60-80% of UC patients and less frequently in CD and other disorders of the colon. Serum titers of ANCA are elevated in UC patients regardless of clinical status and, thus, do not reflect disease activity. High levels of serum ANCA also persist in UC patients five years post-colectomy. Although pANCA is found only very rarely in healthy adults and children, healthy relatives of UC patients have an increased frequency of pANCA, indicating that pANCA may be an immunogenetic susceptibility marker. ANCA reactivity is also present in a small portion of patients with Crohn's disease. The reported prevalence in CD varies, with most studies reporting that 10 to 30% of CD patients express ANCA (Saxon et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 86:202-210 (1990); Cambridge et al., Gut 33:668-674 (1992); Pool et al., Gut 3446-50 (1993); and Brokroelofs et al., Dig. Dis. Sci. 39:545-549 (1994)).

As used herein, the term “anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody” is synonymous with “ANCA” and means antibodies to cytoplasmic components of a neutrophil. ANCA, such as serum or saliva ANCA, can be detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with alcohol-fixed neutrophils. As disclosed herein, ANCA activity is divided into several broad categories: perinuclear to nuclear staining or cytoplasmic staining with perinuclear highlighting (pANCA); cytoplasmic neutrophil staining without perinuclear highlighting (cANCA); and diffuse staining with speckling across the entire neutrophil (SAPPA). The term ANCA, as used herein, encompasses all varieties of anti-neutrophils cytoplasmic reactivity, including pANCA, cANCA and SAPPA. Similarly, the term “ANCA” encompasses all immunoglobulin isotypes including, for example, immunoglobulin A and G.

The determination of whether a sample is positive for ANCA using non-histological means is made using an antigen specific for ANCA using methods described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,129. Such an antigen specific for ANCA can be, for example, whole fixed neutrophils; an unpurified or partially purified neutrophil extract; a purified UC pANCA antigen such as a purified protein, protein fragment or synthetically produced peptide; an anti-ANCA idiotypic antibody; or the like. Particularly useful antigens specific for ANCA are peptides, which can be chemically synthesized or expressed on the surface of phage. Purified antigens specific for ANCA can be, for example, histone H1, or an ANCA-reactive fragment of histone H1, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,074,835; an ulcerative colitis pANCA secretory vesicle antigen or an ANCA-reactive fragment thereof; or a microbial UC pANCA antigen, such as a histone H1-like antigen, porin antigen, Bacteroides antigen, or ANCA-reactive fragment thereof, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,864. One skilled in the art understands that additional antigens specific for ANCA, including antigenic fragments and ANCA-reactive peptides, can be identified, for example, using a representative UC pANCA monoclonal antibody.

Generating an Anti-Glycan Antibody Profile

An anti-glycan antibody profile is generated using a sample obtained from the subject to be diagnosed. The term “sample,” as used herein, means any biological specimen obtained from an individual that contains antibodies. A sample can be, for example, whole blood, plasma, saliva or other bodily fluid or tissue having antibodies, preferably a serum sample. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained surgically. In other embodiments, the sample is obtained non-surgically.

Samples can be diluted if desired before they are analyzed for anti-glycan antibodies. The subject can be, e.g., a human, a non-human primate (including a chimpanzee, ape, gorilla, old world primate), cow, horse, dog, cat, pig, goat, sheep, rodent (including, e.g., a mouse, rat, or guinea pig) Anti-glycan profiles can be determined by using methods known in the art for identifying antibodies to glycans. The methods include those disclosed in e.g., WO00/49412, or WO02/064556, or Schwarz et al., Glycobiology 13:749-54, 2003.

The methods are typically performed using reagents that specifically bind to the anti-glycan antibodies. The reagents can be, e.g., the specific glycan structures. Alternatively, the reagents can be other molecules or macromolecules that include the specific glycan structure. For example, the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody can be detected using the polysaccharide β-D(1,3) Glucan, a polymer of glucose units connected in a (β1,3) glycosidic bond. Thus, the glycan itself can be used for detecting the corresponding antibody or antibodies, as can any carbohydrate, peptide, protein, or any other molecular structure that includes the glycan.

If desired, peptides that mimic carbohydrate antigens can be used in the methods and compositions described herein. The peptides can be used to identify specific anti glycan antibodies. Peptides which mimic structures recognized by antiglycan antibodies can be identified using methods known in the art, e.g., by screening a filamentous phage-displayed random peptide library (Zhan et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 308:19-22, 2003; Hou et al., J Immunol. 17:4373-79, 2003).

Glycan antigens used to identify various anti-glycan antibodies can be obtained from a variety of other sources so long as the antigen is capable of binding specifically to the given anti-glycan Binding to anti-glycan antibodies can be performed using variety of other immunoassay formats known in the art, including competitive and non-competitive immunoassay formats can also be used (Self and Cook, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 7:60-65 (1996), which is incorporated by reference). Other assays include immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). An enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), β-galactosidase or urease can be linked to a secondary antibody selective for a primary anti-glycan antibody of interest. A horseradish-peroxidase detection system can be used, for example, with the chromogenic substrate tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), which yields a soluble product in the presence of hydrogen peroxide that is detectable at 450 nm. An alkaline phosphatase detection system can be used with the chromogenic substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate, for example, which yields a soluble product readily detectable at 405 nm. Similarly, a β-galactosidase detection system can be used with the chromogenic substrate o-nitrophenyl-a β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), which yields a soluble product detectable at 410 nm, or a urease detection system can be used with a substrate such as urea-bromocresol purple (Sigma Immunochemicals, St. Louis, Mo.). A useful secondary antibody linked to an enzyme can be obtained from a number of commercial sources; goat F(ab′)₂ anti-human IgG-alkaline phosphatase, for example, can be purchased from Jackson Immuno-Research (West Grove, Pa.).

Immunoassays encompass capillary electrophoresis based immunoassays (CEIA) and can be automated, if desired. Immunoassays also can be used in conjunction with laser induced fluorescence (see, for example, Schmalzing and Nashabeh, Electrophoresis 18:2184-93 (1997)); Bao, J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed. Sci. 699:463-80 (1997), each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Liposome immunoassays, such as flow-injection liposome immunoassays and liposome immunosensors, also can be used (Rongen et al., J. Immunol. Methods 204:105-133 (1997)).

A radioimmunoassay can also be used for determining whether a sample is positive for a glycan antibody, or for determining the level of anti-glycan antibodies in a sample. A radioimmunoassay using, for example, an ¹²⁵Iodine-labeled secondary antibody (Harlow and Lane, Antibodies A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: New York, 1988, which is incorporated herein by reference) is encompassed within the invention.

A secondary antibody may alternatively be labeled with a chemiluminescent marker. Such a chemiluminescent secondary antibody is convenient for sensitive, non-radioactive detection of anti-glycan antibodies and can be obtained commercially from various sources such as Amersham Lifesciences, Inc. (Arlington Heights, Ill.).

A detectable reagent may also be labeled with a fluorochrome. Appropriate fluorochromes include, for example, DAPI, fluorescein, Hoechst. 33258, R-phycocyanin, B-phycoerythrin, R-phycoerythrin, rhodamine, Texas red or lissamine. A particularly useful fluorochrome is fluorescein or rhodamine. Secondary antibodies linked to fluorochromes can be obtained commercially. For example, goat F(ab′)₂ anti-human IgG-FITC is available from Tago Immunologicals (Burlingame, Calif.).

A signal from the detectable reagent can be analyzed, for example, using a spectrophotometer to detect color from a chromogenic substrate; a radiation counter to detect radiation, such as a gamma counter for detection of ¹²⁵Iodine; or a fluorometer to detect fluorescence in the presence of light of a certain wavelength. For detection of enzyme-linked reagents, a quantitative analysis of the amount of anti-glycan antibodies can be made using a spectrophotometer such as an EMAX Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices, Menlo Park, Calif.) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. If desired, the assays of the invention can be automated or performed robotically, and the signal from multiple samples can be detected simultaneously.

Other methods include, e.g., flow cytometry (including bead based immunoassays), and phage display technology for expressing a recombinant antigen specific for an anti-glycan antibody. Phage particles expressing the antigen specific for a desired anti-glycan antibody can be anchored, if desired, to a multiwell plate using an antibody such as an anti phage monoclonal antibody (Felici et al., “Phage-Displayed Peptides as Tools for Characterization of Human Sera” in Abelson (Ed.), Methods in Enzymol. 267, San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. (1996), which is incorporated by reference herein).

Anti-glycan antibodies are conveniently detected by simultaneously analyzing multiple sample for the presence of one or more anti-glycan antibodies. For example, the antibodies can be detected using an array of reagents that can bind specifically to the anti glycan antibodies. Preferably, each reagent is provided in a different location with a defined address on the array. By exposing the sample to array all the anti glycan antibodies that bind to the reagent on the array can be detected in one test. Suitable arrays that include reagents (preferably carbohydrate reagents) that specifically detect the CD-detecting antibodies disclosed herein, e.g., an anti-β-Glc( ) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β) 6-sulfate antibody, an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)[Man(α1,6)]Man(α), an anti-Manna antibody, an anti-Dextran antibody, an anti-Xylan antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody, an anti-Gal 3-sulphate(β) antibody, an anti-aGlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-α-Gal antibody, an anti-β-Gal antibody, an anti-α-GalNAc, an anti-α-Glc antibody, an anti-Gal(β1,6)Gal(β) antibody, an anti anti-GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) or an anti-Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody for diagnosing CD.

In some embodiments, the reagents that are used to specifically bind and detect those anti glycans antibodies are the specific glycan structures. In other embodiments, the reagents are other molecules or macromolecules that include the specific glycan structure. For example, the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody can be detected using the polysaccharide β-D(1,3) Glucan, a polymer of glucose units connected in a (β1,3) glycosidic bond. Thus, the glycan itself can be used for detecting the corresponding antibody or antibodies, as can any carbohydrate, peptide, protein, or any other molecular structure that includes the glycan.

The array may additionally include a reagent or reagent, e.g., a carbohydrate reagent or reagents, that detect an anti-Mannan antibodies or a ANCA. In some embodiments, the glycans are attached to the array via a linker. A suitable linker includes at least one ethylene glycol derivative, at least two cyanuric chloride derivatives and an anilino group.

If desired, peptides that mimic carbohydrate antigens can be used in the methods and compositions described herein. The peptides can be used to identify specific anti glycan antibodies. Peptides which mimic structures recognized by antiglycan antibodies can be identified using methods known in the art, e.g., by screening a filamentous phage-displayed random peptide library (Zhan et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 308:19-22, 2003; Hou et al., J Immunol. 17:4373-79, 2003.)

Interpreting Anti-Glycan Antibody Binding Data

Typically, binding of anti-glycan antibodies to glycans in a sample is compared to a reference population, and differences in levels of the anti-glycan antibodies in the two samples are compared. The threshold for determining whether a test sample is scored positive for CD or APS, or Non-IBD based on its ant-glycan antibody profile can be altered depending on the sensitivity or specificity desired. The clinical parameters of sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement are calculated using true positives, false positives, false negatives and true negatives. A “true positive” sample is a sample positive for CD according to colonoscopy, radiologic and/or histologic analysis, which is also diagnosed positive according to a method of the invention. A “false positive” sample is a sample negative for CD by colonoscopic, radiologic and/or histologic analysis, which is diagnosed positive according to a method of the invention. Similarly, a “false negative” is a sample positive for CD by colonoscopic, radiologic and/or histologic analysis, which is diagnosed negative according to a method of the invention. A “true negative” is a sample negative for CD by colonoscopic, radiologic and/or histologic analysis, and also negative for CD according to a method of the invention. See, for example, Mousy (Ed.), Intuitive Biostatistics New York: Oxford University Press (1995), which is incorporated herein by reference.

As used herein, the term “sensitivity” means the probability that a laboratory method is positive in the presence of CD. Sensitivity is calculated as the number of true positive results divided by the sum of the true positives and false negatives. Sensitivity essentially is a measure of how well a method correctly identifies those with disease. In a method of the invention, the anti-glycan antibody values can be selected such that the sensitivity of diagnosing an individual is at least about 60%, and can be, for example, at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%.

As used herein, the term “specificity” means the probability that a method is negative in the absence of CD. Specificity is calculated as the number of true negative results divided by the sum of the true negatives and false positives. Specificity essentially is a measure of how well a method excludes those who do not have CD. The anti-glycan cut-off value can be selected such that, when the sensitivity is at least about 70%, the specificity of diagnosing an individual is in the range of 30-60%, for example, 35-60%, 40-60%, 45-60% or 50-60%.

The term “positive predictive value,” as used herein, is synonymous with “PPV” and means the probability that an individual diagnosed as having CD actually has the disease. Positive predictive value can be calculated as the number of true positives divided by the sum of the true positives and false positives. Positive predictive value is determined by the characteristics of the diagnostic method as well as the prevalence of the disease in the population analyzed. In a method of the invention, the anti-glycan antibody cut-off values can be selected such that the positive predictive value of the method in a population having a CD disease prevalence of 15% is at least about 5%, and can be, for example, at least about 8%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 40%.

As used herein, the term “overall agreement” means the accuracy with which a method diagnoses a disease state. Overall agreement is calculated as the sum of the true positives and true negatives divided by the total number of sample results and is affected by the prevalence of CD in the population analyzed. The anti-glycan antibody cut-off values can be selected such that the overall agreement of a method of the invention in a patient population having an CD disease prevalence of 15% is at least about 45%, and can be, for example, at least about 50%, 55% or 60%.

The invention will be illustrated in the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1 Comparative Antiglycan Antibody Levels in the Serum of Crohn's Disease Patients and Patients with Other Digestive Diseases

An anti-glycan antibody profile for IgG, IgA and IgM in the serum of the patients was obtained using GlycoChip® arrays (Glycominds, Ltd., Lod, Israel, Cat No. 9100). The arrays were constructed using procedures described in Schwarz et. al. Glycobiology, 13: 749-54, 2003. Anti-glycan antibody profiles of 45 CD patients and 27 patients with other digestive diseases were compared.

All serum samples were tested using GlycoChip® plates (Glycominds Ltd., Lod, Israel, Cat No. 9100), which was an array of mono and oligosaccharides covalently attached to a reduced volume 384-well micro titer plate. The mono and oligosaccharides displayed on the array are listed in Table 1. A translation of the LinearCode™ syntax used to describe glycan structure to IUPAC nomenclature can be found in Table 1.

The sera from patients volunteers who had signed an informed consent form were collected by Dr. Iris Dotan from the Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Institute in the Tel Aviv Sorasky Medical Center, Israel. All patients were diagnosed by Dr. Iris Dotan. The sera were collected in evacuated silicon coated gel containing tubes (Estar Technologies Cat #616603GLV). The sera were separated from the blood cells and kept frozen at −25° C. until use. The volume of all solutions added to the glycan array was 10 μl/well. The sera were diluted (1:20; saturating concentration) in 0.15M Tris-HCl pH 7.2, 0.085M Mg2SO4, 0.05% Tween 20 (TBST) containing 1% BSA (Sigma), dispensed into glycan array plates using a Tecan Genesis Workstation 200 automated handling system, and incubated for 60 min at 37° C. The plates were then washed with 250 μL/well Phosphate buffered Saline with 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST, Sigma) in an automatic plate washer (Tecan, POWERWASHER™). At this point the following reagents, diluted in TBST with 1% BSA, were added using a Multidrop 384 dispenser (Thermo Labsystems) and incubated for 60 min at 37° C.: for IgG, IgA, and IgM determination—the respective sub-class specific biotinylated goat anti-human Ig antibody (Jackson, Pa., USA) at 2.8 μg/ml, 3 μg/ml, and 0.9 μg/ml, respectively. Following washing with PBST, Streptavidin-conjugated europium (0.1 μg/ml) diluted in TBST with 1% BSA was added to each well followed by incubation for 30 min at 37° C. in the dark, and washing with PBST. DELFIA™ enhancement solution was then added to the wells and the plates were incubated for 30 to 45 min in the dark at room temperature. The fluorescence of the wells was read with a Victor 1420 (Wallac, Finland) plate reader using time resolved fluorescence settings of 340/612 nm (Excitation/Emission).

Some patients were tested for the presence of antibodies to perinuclear anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) IgG and IgA using a commercial kits made by INOVA, San-Diego, Calif. Cat. No 708290, 708865, 708870 respectively, according to the manufacturer instructions.

Tables 2, 3 and 4 present levels of IgG, IgA and IgM type antiglycan antibodies that were detected at significantly different levels between the CD patient population and the patient population with other digestive diseases. The values presented for IgG and IgA are absolute values. The values presented for IgM are absolute values after reduction of background. The back ground signal was measured as the signal received from wells with covalently bound p-nithrophenol. If the result was negative the signal was scored as zero.

Comparison of the average and median values of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in the CD and other digestive disease populations reveals a significant elevation in most of the anti glycans antibodies in the CD group as compared to the group containing individuals with the other digestive diseases group. None of the CD patients was found to be positive for pANCA antibodies. All the anti glycans levels that are displayed in Tables 2, 3 and 4 show statistically significant (α=0.05; p<0.05) differences between the CD groups and the other digestive disease or normal group. Statistically significant differences between the medians of signals of CD and other digestive disease population and normal population were observed for antibodies bound to the following glycans: β-Glc, Glc(β1,4)Glc(β), Glc(β1,3)Glc(β), β-GlcNAc 6-sulfate, Man(α1,2)Man(α), Man(α1,3)Man(α), Man(α1,6)Man(α), Man(α), Man(α1,3)[Man(α1,6)]Man(α), Mannan, Dextran, Xylan, GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β), Gal 3-sulphate(β), GlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(β), GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β), α-Gal, β-Gal, α-GalNAc, α-Glc, Gal(β1,6)Gal(β), GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) and Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β).

Table 5 shows the specificity and sensitivity of the different IgG anti glycans for differentiation between CD and other digestive diseases using different cut-off values. The cutoff values for each glycans where set as the 89^(th) percentile of the non CD group.

These results reveal a set of chemically defined glycan antigens that are useful for diagnosing CD. The levels of antibodies to those glycans are higher in the CD population than in the population of normal individuals or individuals with other digestive diseases. The antibodies that showed the greatest differentiation between CD and other digestive diseases in these studies are a set of antibodies to mannose based glycan fragment as well as antibodies to on β-Glc, Glc(β1,4)Glc(β), Glc(β1,3)Glc(β). Antibodies to Glc(β1,3)Glc(β), Man(α1,3)Man(α) and Man(α1,3)[Man(α1,6)]Man(α) were in particular able to differentiate between CD and other digestive disease at 57-62% sensitivity and 89%-93% specificity. The separation of those structures was better that what was achieved with Mannan (ASCA) 47% sensitivity and 89% specificity. Table 6 demonstrates that it is possible to use different cut of levels and to achieve higher sensitivity but lower specificity. Table 6 describe the sensitivity, specificity, True Positives (TP), True Negative (TN), False Positives (FP), and False Negatives (FN) and positive Predictive value (PPV) in different cut-of value for differentiation between CD and other digestive disease according to the level of anti Glc(β1,3)Glc(β), IgG and anti Mannan IgG. FIG. 1 is a Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve differentiating between individuals with CD and individuals with other digestive diseases according to levels of anti Glc(β1,3)Glc(β), IgG and anti Manna IgG antibodies.

By using combination of two or more glycans it is possible to improve the sensitivity with without reducing the specificity. For example, by setting cut-offs of 2000,000 for anti Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) and 2,400,000 for anti Mannan and setting the criteria for identification of CD as those individuals who are above cut-off levels for either of the antibodies it is possible to achieve 82% sensitivity with 70% specificity. Achieving this sensitivity by each of the antibodies alone would require lower cut off points, but these lower cutoffs would lead to poor specificity (e.g., a specificity of 37% for Glc(β1,3)Glc(β)).

Example 2 Comparative Antiglycan Antibody Levels in the Serum of Crohn's Disease (CD) Colitis Patients and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Patients

An anti-glycan antibody profile for IgG and IgA in the serum of the patients was obtained using GlycoChip® arrays (Glycominds, Ltd., Lod, Israel, Cat No. 9100). The arrays were constructed using procedures described in Schwarz et. al., Glycobiology 13: 749-54, 2003. Anti-glycan antibody profiles of 6 CD colitis patients and 19 UC patients were compared. All serum samples were collected and tested as described in Example 1.

Tables 7 and 8 show the levels of IgG and IgA type antiglycan antibodies that were detected at significantly different levels between the CD Colitis population and the UC population. The values presented for IgG and IgA are absolute values. Comparison of the average and median values of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in the CD Colitis patients and UC patients populations reveals a significant elevation in most of the anti glycans antibodies in the CD group as compared to the group containing individuals with the other digestive diseases group. All the anti glycans levels that are displayed in Tables 7 and 8 show statistically significant (α=0.05; p<0.05) differences between the CD Colitis group and the UC group, with the exception of anti Mannan (ASCA) IgA and IgG. The most significant difference between the antibodies levels in the IgG class was found in the levels of anti Man(α1,3)Man(α), whereas for the IgA class the most significant difference was found between the levels of anti GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibodies. No statistically significant difference between the levels of anti Mannan (IgG or IgA) levels of the CD Colitis patients and UC patients populations was detected in these studies. FIG. 2 is a box plot graph of the difference between CD colitis and UC groups for the levels of some antiglycan IgG and IgA antibodies.

Example 3 A Panel of Serological Antibodies (gASCA, ACCA, ALCA and AMCA) and CARD15 Gene Variations Predict a Complicated Disease Course and Need for Surgery in Some Crohn's Disease Patients

A panel of anti glycan antibodies and CARD15 gene variants were examined to determine if they could improve predictions of a complicated disease course (penetrating, fistulizing or structuring, fibrostenosing disease course, or the need for surgery) in patients with Crohn's disease. Differentiation between patients with complicated disease outcomes and patients with non complicated disease outcomes (i.e., inflammatory type) facilitates selection of the must suitable treatment at an early stage of the disease.

Frozen samples from a total of 913 CD patients (mean age 42.3 years, 58% female) were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics for complications (strictures or fistulas) and the need for surgery were obtained. The samples were tested for gASCA, ACCA, ALCA, and AMCA by commercially available ELISA-assays (Glycominds Ltd, Israel) in a blinded manner. Briefly, mannan, and p-nitrophenyl derivatives of chitobioside, laminaribioside, and mannobioside (Man(α1,3)Man(α)) were covalently attached to the surface of a clear 96-well microtiter plate via a linker as previously described (Schwarz M et. al., Glycobiology. 2003 November; 13(11):749-54.). Serum samples were diluted 1:100 in 1% BSA/TBST, pH 7.4, dispensed into the wells (50 μL per well) incubated for 30 min at 25° C., then washed with PBST buffer. Bound antibodies were labeled (30 min at 25° C.) with 50 μL of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-human IgA (1:12000) for ACCA or IgG (1:25000) type-specific antibody for AMCA, ALCA and gASCA (both antibodies from Jackson, ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pa., USA), washed with PBST buffer, and 50 μL 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added for detection. The optical density (OD) at 595 nm was read after 15 min for ALCA gASCA and AMCA or 30 minutes for ACCA with a Victor 1420 plate reader (Wallac, Turku, Finland), the enzymatic reaction was stopped with 50 μL 1% sulfuric acid solution and read at 450 nm. Each plate includes a calibrator sample with a defined ELISA Unit (EU) value of 50 units. The final value of Units was calculated by dividing the OD of the test sample with the OD of the calibrator in the same plate and multiplying it by 50. All patients were genotyped for the main variants in CARD15 (R702W, G908R, 1007fs) as described in Vermiare et. al., Gastroenterology 123:106-11, 2002, and the number of CARD15 variants (0-3) were recorded for each patient.

Statistical methods and data analysis: All antibodies data were transformed to square root to obtain a distribution as close as possible to normal. Student's T-test was used to assess significance differences in anti glycan antibodies between groups, and χ2 test was used for non-parametric variables. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. ROC curves were calculated using “Analyse-it” software package version 1.17. Regression analysis was performed using SPSS.

Predicting a Fistulizing or Fibrostenosing Disease Course in CD Patients

Significantly higher levels of all anti glycan antibodies (ALCA, ACCA, AMCA, gASCA, p<0.000001 for all) were detected in CD patients with complicated disease course (penetrating, fistulizing or structuring, fibrostenosing) as opposed to CD patients with inflammatory type of disease, see Table 9. The percentage of patients CARD15 variants in the group of CD patients with complicated disease course was higher than non complicated CD group (47.4% vs 34.8%, p=0.01).

Regression analysis considering all variables reveal that ALCA and ACCA are significant predictors as compared to gASCA and CARD15, see Table 10. Although AMCA levels antibodies were significantly higher in CD patients with complicated disease course AMCA did not contribute any additional significance.

The combined levels of ALCA, ACCA, gASCA and number of CARD15 variants, each multiplied by its regression coefficients to create a combined score, were determined. FIG. 3 describes ROC curves comparing the prediction performance of the known predictors gASCA and CARD15 to the combination of ALCA, ACCA, gASCA and number of CARD15. The area under the ROC curve for all markers combination is higher then for combination of gASCA and CARD15 (0.69 vs. 0.64).

Table 11 describes the diagnostic performance of combination of gASCA and CARD15, and the combination of ALCA, ACCA, gASCA and CARD15. It was found that both ALCA and ACCA significantly add to the prediction ability compared to the known ASCA and CARD15 variants. As can be seen in FIG. 3 and Table 11, the combined score identifies 45% of the CD who will have a complicated disease course with above 80% specificity. The combined markers offer clearly superior prediction ability compared the use of gASCA and CARD15 alone.

Predicting the Need for Surgery in CD Patients

Significantly higher levels of all anti glycan antibodies (ALCA, AMCA, p<0.01 and ACCA, gASCA, p<0.00001) were detected in CD patients needing surgery as opposed to CD patients who did not need surgery, see Table 12. The percentage of patients CARD15 variants in the group of CD patients needing surgery was higher than in the non-complicated CD group (46.0% vs 30.8%, p=0.001). Regression analysis considering all variables indicates that only ACCA is a significant predictor relative to the predictive ability of gASCA and CARD15, see Table 13. Although AMCA and ALCA levels antibodies were significantly higher in CD patients needing surgery, they did not add significant predictive ability over gASCA and CARD15.

The levels of ACCA, gASCA and the number of CARD15 variants, each multiplied by its regression coefficients, were added to create a combined score. Table 14 describes the diagnostic performance of combination of gASCA and CARD15, and the combination of ACCA, gASCA and CARD15.

These results demonstrate that ACCA significantly contributes to the prediction ability over the known ASCA and CARD15 variants. As can be seen in Table 14, the combined score identifies 30% of the CD patients with a need for surgery with above 90% specificity versus only 23% that can be identified if using only gASCA and CARD15. The combined performance are clearly better then the use of gASCA and CARD15 alone.

Example 4 Improved Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Using a Panel of Serological Antibodies (gASCA, ACCA, ALCA and AMCA) and CARD15 Gene Variations

A panel of anti glycan antibodies and CARD15 gene variants were examined to determine if they could improve the diagnosis of IBD patients by differentiation between patients with IBD and OGD patients as well as normal population.

A total of 1225 IBD patients (913 CD, 272 UC, 40 IC), as well as 200 healthy controls and 113 patients with non-IBD gastrointestinal inflammation (diverticular disease) were tested for gASCA, ALCA, ACCA and AMCA by commercially available ELISA-assays (Glycominds Ltd, Israel) in a blinded manner. Briefly, mannan, and p-nitrophenyl derivatives of chitobioside, laminaribioside, and mannobioside were covalently attached to the surface of a clear 96-well microtiter plate via a linker as previously described (Schwarz et al., Glycobiology 13:749-54, 2003). Serum samples were diluted 1:100 in 1% BSA/TBST, pH 7.4, dispensed into the wells (50 μL per well) incubated for 30 min at 25° C., then washed with PBST buffer. Bound antibodies were labeled (30 min at 25° C.) with 50 μL of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-human IgA (1:12000) for ACCA or IgG (1:25000) type-specific antibody for AMCA, ALCA and gASCA (both antibodies from Jackson, ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pa., USA), washed with PBST buffer, and 50 μL 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added for detection. The optical density (OD) at 595 nm was read after 15 min for ALCA gASCA and AMCA or 30 minutes for ACCA with a Victor 1420 plate reader (Wallac, Turku, Finland). The enzymatic reaction was stopped with 50 μL 1% sulfuric acid solution and read at 450 nm. Each plate included a calibrator sample with a defined ELISA Unit (EU) value of 50 units. The final value of Units was calculated by dividing the OD of the test sample with the OD of the calibrator in the same plate and multiplying it by 50. All patients were genotyped for the main variants in CARD15 (R702W, G908R, 1007fs) as described in Vermiare et. al., Gastroenterology 123:106-11, 2002, and the number of CARD15 variants (0-3) were recorded for each patient.

Statistical methods and data analysis: All antibodies data were transformed to square root to get distribution as close as possible to normal. Student's T-test was used to assess significance differences in anti glycan antibodies between groups, P-values of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. ROC curves were calculated using “Analyse-it” software package version 1.17. Regression analysis was performed using SPSS.

Significantly higher levels of all anti glycan antibodies (ALCA, AMCA, gASCA, p<0.0001 for all) were observed in IBD patients as opposed to CD patients with inflammatory type of disease, see Table 15. Regression analysis considering all variables have shown that ALCA and AMCA are significant predictors over gASCA and CARD15, see Table 16.

A combined score was determined based on the levels of ALCA, ACCA, AMCA gASCA and number of CARD15 variants, each multiplied by its regression coefficients. FIG. 4 describes ROC curves comparing the diagnosis performance of the known predictors gASCA and CARD15 to the combination of ALCA, ACCA, gASCA and CARD15. The area under the ROC curve for all markers combination is higher then for combination of gASCA and CARD15 (0.830 vs. 0.765).

Table 17 describes the diagnostic performance of a combination of gASCA and CARD15, and the combination of ALCA, ACCA, AMCA, gASCA and CARD15. ALCA, ACCA and AMCA were found to significantly contribute to the prediction ability over the known ASCA and CARD15 variants. As can be seen in FIG. 4 and Table 17, the combined score identified IBD in 73% of subjects with above 80% specificity. The combined performance of ALCA, ACCA, gASCA, AMCA, and CARD15 were clearly superior than the use of gASCA and CARD15 alone.

Example 5 Anti-Laminarin IgG Antibodies Differentiate Between Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis or Irritable Bowel Syndrome and React in a Pattern that is Distinct from the Pattern Observed to ALCA Antibodies

Anti-laminaribioside (Glc(β1,3)Glc(β)) carbohydrate antibody (ALCA) has been reported to be specific for CD patients, and to enable differentiation between CD and UC. Laminarin is storage polysaccharide of Laminaria and other brown algae; made up of (β1,3)-glucan with some (β1,6) linkages and branches. Here it is demonstrated that the reactivity of CD and UC patients towards anti-laminarin IgG and ALCA IgG are different. However, both can be used for differentiating between CD, and UC or IBS.

Frozen samples from CD (n=133), UC (n=75), and IBS (n=22) patients, diagnosed by standard clinical practice, were retrospectively analyzed. The samples were tested for anti-laminarin IgG antibodies using ELISA-assays. Briefly, laminarin (CAS Number 9008-22-4, Sigma L9634) and p-nitrophenyl derivative of Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) were covalently attached to the surface of a clear 96-well microtiter plate as previously described (Schwarz et al., Glycobiology 13:749-54, 2003). Serum samples were diluted 1:100 in 1% BSA/TBST, pH 7.4, dispensed into the wells (50 μL per well) incubated for 30 min at 25° C., then washed with PBST buffer. Bound antibodies were labeled (30 min at 25° C.) with 50 μL of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (1:25000) type-specific antibody (Jackson, ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pa., USA), washed with PBST buffer, and 50 μL 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added for detection. The optical density (OD) at 595 nm was read after 15 min with a Victor 1420 plate reader (Wallac, Turku, Finland), the enzymatic reaction was stopped with 50 μL 1% sulfuric acid solution and read at 450 nm. T-test was used to calculate significant difference between groups.

Significantly higher levels of anti-laminarin IgG were detected in CD patients vs UC, (p<0.001), and in CD vs IBS (p=0.01) see FIG. 5. Both ALCA and anti-laminarin differentiate between UC and CD patients. Using a Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve for differentiation between CD and UC (see FIG. 6), cut off values of 1.25 OD for anti-laminarin, and 0.57 OD for ALCA were chosen. This cutoff allowed for differentiation between CD and UC patients for anti-laminarin with 50.4% sensitivity, 90.7% specificity, 90.5% Positive predictive value, and 64.9% negative predictive value, and for ALCA, with 38.3% sensitivity, 90.7% specificity, 87.9% Positive predictive value, and 45.3% negative predictive value. FIG. 7 demonstrates that there is a subgroup of CD (n=25) and UC (n=5) patients that are negative for ALCA (below cutoff) but positive (above cut off) for anti-laminarin IgG antibodies. There is in addition a subgroup of CD (n=14) and UC (n=5) patients that are positive for ALCA (above cutoff) but negative (below cut off) for anti-laminarin IgG. Although laminaribioside and laminarin have common structural element in (Glc(β1,3)Glc(β)), laminarins nevertheless have a distinct structural fragments of (Glc(β1,6)Glc(β)) and Glc(β1,6)[Glc(β1,3)]Glc(β) branches. This reflects the different reactivities of CD and UC patients towards anti-laminarin IgG and ALCA IgG. However, (Glc(β1,6)Glc(β)), (Glc(β1,3)Glc(β)), Glc(β1,6)[Glc(β1,3)]Glc(β) or laminarin can be used for differentiating CD, and UC or IBS.

The descriptions given are intended to exemplify, but not limit, the scope of the invention. Additional embodiments are within the claims.

TABLE 1 Saccharides displayed on the glycan array Glycan No. IUPAC LINEARCODE ® Common Name 0 p-Nitronhenol pNP-0 1 α-Gal Aa 2 β-Gal Ab 3 Gal(β1,3)GalNAc(α) Ab3ANa 4 Gal(β1,3)GlcNAc(β) Ab3GNb 5 Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) Ab4Gb Lactose 6 Gal(β1,6)Gal(β) Ab6Ab 7 α-GalNAc ANa 8 β-GalNAc ANb 9 α-Fuc Fa 10 β-Fuc Fb 11 α-Glc Ga 12 Glc(α1.4)Glc(α) Ga4Ga Maltose 13 Glc(α1,4)Glc(β) Ga4Gb 14 β-Glc Gb 15 Glc(β1,4)Glc(β) Gb4Gb Cellobiose 16 Glc(β1,4)Glc(β1,4)Glc(β) Gb4Gb4Gb Cellotriose 17 α-GlcNAc( ) GNa 18 β-GlcNAc GNb 19 GlcNAc(β1,3)GalNAc(α) GNb3ANa 20 GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) GNb4GNb Chitobiose 21 α-Rha Ha 22 β-GalA Lb 23 α-Man Ma 24 β-Man Mb 25 α-Neu5Ac NNa 26 α-L-Araf Ra 27 β-GlcA Ub 28 α-Xyl Xa 29 β-Xyl Xb 30 Gal(β1,3)[GlcNAc(β1,6)]GalNAc(α) Ab3(GNb6)ANa 31 Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(α) Ab4GNa 32 Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) Aa3Ab4GNb Linear B-2 33 Gal(β1,3)Gal(β1,4)GalNAc(β) Ab4GNb 34 Man(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) Mb4Gb 35 GlcNAc(β1,6)GalNAc(α) GNb6ANa 36 Fuc(α1,2)Gal(β) Fa2Ab 37 Man(α1,3)Man(α) Ma3Ma 38 β-GlcNAc 6-sulfate GN[6S]b 39 Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) Gb3Gb 40 β-Gal 3-sulfate A[3S]b 41 Man(α1,3)[Man(α1,6)]Man(β) Ma3(Ma6)Mb 42 GlcNAc(β1,3)Gal(α1,4)Glc(β) GNb3Ab4Gb Lacto-3 43 Gal(α1,4)Gal(β1,4)Glc(β) Aa4Ab4Gb Pk antigen 44 Man(α1,6)Man(α) Ma6Ma 45 Man(α1,2)Man(α) Ma2Ma 46 Dextran Dextran 47 Mannam Mannam 48 Xylan Xylan

TABLE 2 Fluorescent signals from binding of IgG antibodies to different glycans in CD patients and non CD patients. Glycans are presented in LINEARCODE ®. Patient No. Clinical condition IgG Gb IgG Gb3Gb IgG Gb4Gb IgG GN[6S]b IgG Ma IgG Ma3(Ma6)Mb IgG Ma3Ma IgG Mannan IgG Xylan 10,001 Crohn's disease 1,360,254 1,977,964 1,338,648 1,027,193 1,410,642 1,144,296 1,583,677 7,628,072 5,577,215 10,004 Crohn's disease 3,663,580 5,704,570 5,099,956 2,099,879 2,164,970 1,466,706 3,207,783 7,476,981 4,596,345 10,005 Crohn's disease 1,526,204 1,871,425 1,454,552 1,697,361 1,335,277 921,447 991,861 5,827,429 4,982,760 10,006 Crohn's disease 774,615 281,544 488,393 297,446 261,425 153,551 267,094 1,310,353 543,373 10,007 Crohn's disease 1,183,143 1,474,083 1,010,984 1,337,825 1,522,187 957,160 1,102,706 3,891,170 2,264,442 10,008 Crohn's disease 1,047,535 3,935,252 1,173,449 656,185 610,749 487,133 508,943 7,900,531 2,858,992 10,009 Crohn's disease 1,120,092 1,061,053 913,803 773,633 434,718 653,203 735,213 3,625,333 860,059 10,011 Crohn's disease 1,555,366 3,915,250 1,263,015 1,514,790 1,319,000 600,433 695,166 6,044,060 2,016,766 10,012 Crohn's disease 738,615 997,829 828,833 710,883 815,777 512,116 449,986 1,016,305 509,887 10,013 Crohn's disease 491,219 494,196 487,233 405,409 550,041 369,100 360,682 975,473 858,010 10,015 Crohn's disease 2,507,309 3,287,329 3,150,129 1,752,931 1,210,172 1,280,894 1,706,919 8,298,001 6,144,885 10,016 Crohn's disease 1,695,721 2,983,993 2,389,536 1,363,739 1,073,805 1,019,572 933,689 8,176,923 3,474,025 10,018 Crohn's disease 2,349,612 1,749,025 1,975,697 1,316,616 1,642,423 857,701 1,424,193 2,438,472 1,837,913 10,021 Crohn's disease 936,577 2,010,561 1,238,079 736,454 647,085 580,544 668,362 4,677,824 1,836,902 10,025 Crohn's disease 1,125,348 7,400,065 1,364,422 873,065 696,782 618,026 961,392 7,750,817 610,583 10,026 Crohn's disease 584,311 2,397,273 1,007,841 570,786 396,704 366,620 600,604 4,427,669 409,875 10,027 Crohn's disease 331,704 3,884,268 1,013,711 391,803 323,622 409,228 549,358 4,184,600 1,477,393 10,028 Crohn's disease 527,070 2,540,157 776,682 842,969 471,600 371,962 644,191 1,133,383 580,308 10,031 Crohn's disease 1,160,637 1,403,953 1,163,714 903,043 1,090,200 922,033 1,360,531 6,070,889 6,267,773 10,033 Crohn's disease 1,658,517 1,171,191 795,746 1,166,575 845,487 628,923 860,940 8,668,310 1,372,493 10,034 Crohn's disease 487,703 454,402 1,030,665 343,963 377,012 317,412 402,687 4,878,747 873,284 10,036 Crohn's disease 1,669,205 2,969,747 1,661,164 1,729,819 2,023,690 1,699,947 1,824,104 7,240,661 3,315,784 10,041 Crohn's disease 2,099,634 8,111,207 1,506,594 1,366,204 2,194,579 1,943,357 1,877,528 6,166,731 1,716,244 10,042 Crohn's disease 3,414,756 6,232,427 4,724,789 3,236,890 2,752,951 2,886,293 3,805,675 4,966,270 2,207,087 10,043 Crohn's disease 2,375,664 8,432,547 5,565,720 1,826,113 2,179,476 2,694,502 4,144,108 7,766,334 1,594,568 10,047 Crohn's disease 936,002 6,541,240 736,485 1,344,797 1,007,696 870,673 1,011,207 1,929,720 510,038 10,058 Crohn's disease 1,229,222 3,933,918 1,268,315 1,097,145 1,122,154 1,202,918 1,158,350 1,060,988 3,370,770 10,060 Crohn's disease 3,776,848 7,519,448 3,738,773 3,273,535 2,478,007 3,298,731 2,075,262 6,622,444 2,830,021 10,061 Crohn's disease 377,655 7,004,834 426,579 359,296 413,067 380,756 309,119 1,440,898 277,672 10,062 Crohn's disease 2,157,588 3,580,257 2,335,797 2,291,757 2,178,945 1,790,623 1,986,588 5,928,994 4,135,199 10,064 Crohn's disease 1,201,946 2,571,544 2,116,543 1,307,836 2,149,447 3,229,183 2,010,487 7,015,353 4,157,443 10,067 Crohn's disease 1,662,361 4,367,868 1,723,425 1,379,202 1,863,573 2,466,987 2,121,119 4,103,563 1,406,894 10,068 Crohn's disease 646,782 805,864 612,996 820,938 1,066,384 2,089,715 1,626,952 856,926 620,606 10,071 Crohn's disease 1,759,894 4,847,180 1,435,670 1,215,684 1,677,667 1,557,477 2,457,616 6,460,883 3,745,128 10,073 Crohn's disease 842,124 3,215,453 1,223,370 957,636 1,823,465 2,274,968 1,845,219 7,159,301 6,675,699 10,074 Crohn's disease 1,490,333 2,253,024 627,434 697,763 1,567,676 1,854,560 1,499,634 5,758,566 998,526 10,075 Crohn's disease 5,537,343 9,220,529 4,909,831 2,091,679 3,060,118 2,760,344 4,585,798 7,712,384 6,780,460 10,077 Crohn's disease 804,027 1,800,557 827,615 1,099,475 844,037 632,785 1,010,415 1,238,077 908,558 10,078 Crohn's disease 1,129,868 3,107,666 2,487,836 1,523,754 1,578,420 1,459,959 1,509,299 7,284,452 2,493,059 10,081 Crohn's disease 1,416,365 2,436,837 1,243,841 933,009 1,418,666 692,890 1,391,276 5,617,906 4,927,776 10,089 Crohn's disease 3,140,987 2,809,714 3,881,344 1,459,563 1,732,146 612,187 1,751,178 1,948,648 1,671,266 10,090 Crohn's disease 1,142,664 6,465,008 6,126,851 1,040,285 1,733,530 947,788 1,075,332 7,029,051 1,226,773 10,094 Crohn's disease 2,581,852 3,002,260 2,533,016 1,828,766 2,171,645 1,864,642 1,426,014 3,755,208 1,359,423 10,095 Crohn's disease 4,307,357 5,194,520 2,939,889 1,440,026 1,664,132 1,246,967 1,260,260 5,473,997 1,284,127 10,102 Crohn's disease 602,214 902,531 797,794 684,982 768,939 650,448 612,321 779,631 515,705 10,051 No digestive disea 2,345,273 2,322,503 1,994,931 2,743,406 1,186,818 1,041,917 1,987,733 3,590,967 1,737,022 10,052 No digestive disea 941,167 597,884 747,644 414,298 385,995 300,723 438,891 736,782 776,440 10,053 No digestive disea 346,709 531,417 276,989 339,655 283,955 275,260 326,337 792,256 625,138 10,054 No digestive disea 692,918 664,121 993,676 680,576 539,916 425,475 213,664 1,280,390 1,600,067 10,059 Anal fissure 931,210 1,033,766 686,670 585,045 482,405 434,125 288,509 2,858,138 726,949 10,066 Proctitis/Psoriasis 977,625 955,662 1,003,683 880,485 698,411 775,253 855,457 1,721,699 1,307,196 10,080 No digestive disea 1,742,919 2,061,316 1,679,459 862,024 678,925 529,711 671,004 1,963,921 1,987,675 10,082 No digestive disea 606,761 2,058,347 951,804 631,202 681,631 500,014 512,486 4,193,860 1,440,782 10,003 Ulcerative colitis 905,251 695,019 504,690 729,287 432,922 336,989 349,315 1,022,364 504,020 10,020 Ulcerative colitis 1,354,222 4,073,378 1,231,701 1,258,840 1,363,896 902,559 705,623 2,556,960 1,911,575 10,022 Ulcerative colitis 971,547 2,471,052 1,617,809 805,585 696,492 656,384 356,351 6,619,844 2,466,668 10,023 Ulcerative colitis 476,805 1,684,016 407,103 335,428 741,738 185,491 265,536 708,233 482,414 10,024 Ulcerative colitis 1,536,705 1,866,888 1,294,792 1,278,711 981,713 422,316 709,227 6,380,359 2,793,937 10,030 Ulcerative colitis 313,802 319,115 370,440 288,801 383,159 267,131 302,649 1,539,392 918,717 10,039 Ulcerative colitis 788,940 1,322,675 2,049,445 579,957 427,353 484,029 500,544 1,614,749 627,274 10,040 Ulcerative colitis 508,502 878,468 506,749 390,383 397,998 417,665 292,485 2,881,788 977,455 10,044 Ulcerative colitis 1,134,152 1,000,922 1,430,170 794,829 1,166,622 749,019 912,335 1,385,640 1,761,062 10,050 Ulcerative colitis 1,307,947 1,067,601 1,111,619 912,013 1,066,915 766,151 951,103 1,829,813 972,519 10,065 Ulcerative colitis 983,243 1,390,482 1,028,795 842,732 666,535 672,182 852,588 1,333,880 1,363,312 10,069 Ulcerative colitis 598,736 708,042 978,417 672,092 969,555 339,385 366,514 1,736,635 1,231,461 10,072 Ulcerative colitis 320,461 473,172 342,039 363,893 455,588 392,522 506,615 3,309,525 471,592 10,079 Ulcerative colitis 405,166 3,763,266 904,868 513,527 425,264 370,064 356,485 1,665,869 576,365 10,084 Ulcerative colitis 703,594 1,982,878 2,259,105 545,266 592,993 431,487 430,193 1,655,824 548,041 10,086 Ulcerative colitis 686,425 808,037 713,774 466,633 402,319 379,369 356,194 2,174,9298 1,547,265 10,087 Ulcerative colitis 615,110 428,332 577,232 386,386 409,432 329,779 512,020 1,319,329 382,061 10,096 Ulcerative colitis 997,504 2,041,057 949,569 673,275 633,246 502,614 613,755 5,289,045 757,079 10,097 Ulcerative colitis 424,300 1,024,601 805,975 458,307 267,456 386,277 295,285 1,478,519 510,925 Avarage Crohn's disease 1,625,556 3,518,257 1,898,152 1,239,749 1,345,981 1,243,023 1,426,441 4,904,849 2,390,714 No Chrohn's Disea 874,703 1,419,404 1,022,931 719,712 625,491 487,551 552,944 2,356,692 1,148,297 Median Crohn's disease 1,229,222 2,983,993 1,268,315 1,166,575 1,335,277 947,788 1,260,260 5,473,997 1,716,244 No Chrohn's Disea 788,940 1,033,766 951,804 631,202 539,916 425,475 438,891 1,736,635 972,519 ttest CD vs Non CD 0.0016300.97 4.0972E−05 0.004132072 0.000688569 3.87726E−06 2.11271E−05 3.23203E−05 1.02024E−05 0.00132903 Patient No. Clinical condition IgG Ma2Ma IgG Aa IgG Ab IgG ANa IgG Ga IgG ASCA (IU) pANC 10,001 Crohn's disease 849,550 1,028,505 820,014 466,637 1,258,316 10,004 Crohn's disease 3,150,105 1,853,626 1,851,915 1,134,167 2,304,370 10,005 Crohn's disease 857,537 1,060,156 1,075,287 1,097,821 1,936,815 10,006 Crohn's disease 495,362 161,595 114,468 135,241 302,565 10,007 Crohn's disease 894,460 1,206,075 1,032,927 804,835 1,442,191 10,008 Crohn's disease 918,954 1,143,656 1,918,663 330,682 2,831,482 80 neg 10,009 Crohn's disease 1,786,497 809,917 1,065,462 389,609 834,189 10,011 Crohn's disease 795,378 1,235,678 1,111,199 648,037 2,843,354 10,012 Crohn's disease 974,119 561,052 700,662 589,469 1,559,067 10,013 Crohn's disease 497,863 258,936 289,477 390,232 443,436 10,015 Crohn's disease 1,865,891 2,313,400 1,657,409 1,472,395 1,738,460 10,016 Crohn's disease 1,423,401 4,167,686 1,150,816 837,155 1,754,605 10,018 Crohn's disease 2,114,539 1,282,598 1,116,190 1,304,881 1,556,960 10,021 Crohn's disease 588,760 431,224 417,858 624,273 1,097,281 10,025 Crohn's disease 1,306,723 472,016 407,187 666,244 1,052,914 49 neg 10,026 Crohn's disease 754,569 614,529 575,940 804,015 794,465 10,027 Crohn's disease 409,405 1,011,807 325,270 225,780 860,654 10,028 Crohn's disease 388,120 400,412 374,748 565,621 933,864 10,031 Crohn's disease 1,024,636 614,602 645,633 434,719 1,029,243 10,033 Crohn's disease 999,469 487,495 699,125 710,940 1,311,185 108 neg  10,034 Crohn's disease 317,845 130,726 240,504 254,960 353,496 10,036 Crohn's disease 1,815,367 1,312,161 847,504 1,148,197 2,764,778 10,041 Crohn's disease 1,666,462 1,002,663 944,926 614,258 1,790,996 10,042 Crohn's disease 1,975,431 2,453,713 1,169,199 1,491,661 2,608,430 10,043 Crohn's disease 6,234,204 1,533,054 850,045 857,270 4,438,841 10,047 Crohn's disease 1,276,888 609,950 611,659 498,004 1,408,015 10,058 Crohn's disease 1,097,275 739,330 352,629 525,407 1,349,540  9 neg 10,060 Crohn's disease 2,587,250 2,051,391 1,446,321 1,320,361 3,268,250 10,061 Crohn's disease 1,125,410 264,741 171,150 196,852 711,761 10,062 Crohn's disease 1,725,643 1,300,507 939,781 1,000,803 1,809,051 10,064 Crohn's disease 1,546,371 3,778,662 696,314 536,893 1,212,355 10,067 Crohn's disease 3,016,091 1,374,889 342,454 509,186 2,469,775 10,068 Crohn's disease 1,364,668 236,510 358,229 488,415 1,037,834 10,071 Crohn's disease 1,980,052 1,109,196 1,555,029 698,647 1,691,995 10,073 Crohn's disease 2,240,331 421,833 391,254 494,614 1,551,800 72 neg 10,074 Crohn's disease 1,155,521 385,865 620,552 291,814 637,642 43 neg 10,075 Crohn's disease 4,835,416 1,560,441 1,816,357 994,508 2,812,624 10,077 Crohn's disease 726,513 1,221,596 352,019 371,924 1,047,431 15 neg 10,078 Crohn's disease 1,974,718 485,474 430,568 587,379 1,318,049 89 neg 10,081 Crohn's disease 1,038,228 799,172 688,082 440,606 759,311 39 neg 10,089 Crohn's disease 1,975,468 6,235,212 1,056,023 879,862 1,561,838 12 neg 10,090 Crohn's disease 996,138 616,609 527,011 612,911 1,024,901 10,094 Crohn's disease 1,889,334 603,455 449,558 730,609 1,321,795 10,095 Crohn's disease 1,587,782 704,930 541,730 441,276 2,730,801 10,102 Crohn's disease 999,742 425,568 257,965 402,233 1,119,216 10,051 No digestive disea 1,601,098 325,091 277,928 291,398 765,670 10,052 No digestive disea 345,938 791,714 924,915 549,282 3,092,123 10,053 No digestive disea 314,716 226,043 634,923 193,641 1,110,574 10,054 No digestive disea 484,686 194,929 147,713 136,850 665,259 10,059 Anal fissure 411,652 491,013 482,992 344,004 798,813 10,066 Proctitis/Psoriasis 878,148 532,501 611,229 555,691 889,849 10,080 No digestive disea 556,509 544,141 349,525 358,554 729,190 10,082 No digestive disea 616,439 736,553 722,306 386,966 1,006,755 10,003 Ulcerative colitis 640,303 187,886 165,987 257,702 659,133 10,020 Ulcerative colitis 641,831 1,107,251 1,067,519 758,804 1,289,501 10,022 Ulcerative colitis 689,170 612,362 645,057 377,726 1,467,537 40 neg 10,023 Ulcerative colitis 524,736 230,640 167,922 159,075 693,800 10,024 Ulcerative colitis 1,501,433 984,301 963,564 803,682 1,278,165 10,030 Ulcerative colitis 465,098 218,405 486,030 131,947 660,381 10,039 Ulcerative colitis 962,879 535,526 415,798 335,651 694,135 10,040 Ulcerative colitis 1,617,762 364,266 487,974 236,382 487,736 10,044 Ulcerative colitis 830,609 702,427 721,510 678,997 1,026,423 10,050 Ulcerative colitis 1,200,920 416,618 518,265 637,011 992,490 10,065 Ulcerative colitis 1,165,936 433,662 723,424 593,461 953,378 10,069 Ulcerative colitis 599,938 205,729 474,181 329,163 1,215,250  8 neg 10,072 Ulcerative colitis 482,991 192,196 198,520 131,397 1,015,614 10,079 Ulcerative colitis 293,343 150,330 173,270 460,674 983,715 10,084 Ulcerative colitis 509,652 438,643 376,558 448,064 735,412 10,086 Ulcerative colitis 476,815 203,077 107,695 323,692 877,230 10,087 Ulcerative colitis 380,169 254,434 239,993 338,760 578,501  6 neg 10,096 Ulcerative colitis 685,412 384,127 475,422 459,440 1,205,875 10,097 Ulcerative colitis 422,520 174,679 275,494 344,389 751,112 Avarage Crohn's disease 1,542,963 1,168,009 775,738 666,031 1,570,527 No Chrohn's Disea 714,840 431,083 476,137 397,133 985,390 Median Crohn's disease 1,276,888 814,529 688,082 589,469 1,349,540 No Chrohn's Disea 599,938 384,127 475,422 344,389 889,848 ttest CD vs Non CD 0.000372938 0.00157261 0.00367082 0.000291031 0.001831333

TABLE 3 Fluorescent signals from binding of IgA and IgM antibodies to different glycans in CD patients and non CD patients. Glycans are presented in LINEARCODE ®. Patient No. Clinical Condition IgA ASCA (IU) IgA GNb3ANa IgA GNb4GNb IgA Ma5Ma IgA Mannan 10,001 Crohn's disease 234,038 217,568 282,269 2,901,044 10,004 Crohn's disease 756,739 769,776 665,102 8,412,607 10,005 Crohn's disease 380,334 743,508 591,533 1,821,783 10,006 Crohn's disease 255,036 243,466 308,555 1,177,812 10,007 Crohn's disease 266,542 363,415 367,037 1,361,741 10,008 Crohn's disease 33 674,715 769,785 779,172 2,027,609 10,009 Crohn's disease 649,639 641,504 669,796 1,044,123 10,011 Crohn's disease 533,187 774,440 814,480 3,353,356 10,012 Crohn's disease 448,590 617,530 434,796 927,252 10,013 Crohn's disease 1,120,824 1,219,712 1,119,489 1,197,765 10,015 Crohn's disease 973,774 1,365,559 988,046 1,685,774 10,016 Crohn's disease 993,380 832,750 816,158 3,390,170 10,018 Crohn's disease 872,212 826,559 884,411 1,355,268 10,021 Crohn's disease 332,912 318,413 283,699 652,771 10,025 Crohn's disease 54 798,846 525,004 575,726 1,857,147 10,026 Crohn's disease 752,315 660,677 693,119 887,797 10,027 Crohn's disease 289,687 220,786 273,054 912,829 10,028 Crohn's disease 153,168 355,502 107,442 861,641 10,031 Crohn's disease 314,983 339,395 450,527 1,322,991 10,033 Crohn's disease 43 549,648 505,120 641,307 3,306,701 10,034 Crohn's disease 245,321 299,225 183,931 1,010,743 10,036 Crohn's disease 722,490 1,092,178 888,276 1,469,569 10,041 Crohn's disease 342,492 461,173 317,150 1,410,747 10,042 Crohn's disease 618,649 804,299 660,287 1,012,221 10,043 Crohn's disease 1,052,988 1,108,655 790,738 2,747,565 10,047 Crohn's disease 610,743 304,354 747,408 3,723,514 10,058 Crohn's disease 18 440,772 433,871 459,197 1,080,842 10,060 Crohn's disease 979,471 656,668 2,481,088 5,456,752 10,061 Crohn's disease 1,409,783 1,785,954 1,864,605 3,090,000 10,062 Crohn's disease 973,871 1,265,139 1,048,774 7,127,363 10,064 Crohn's disease 727,884 1,126,501 745,449 7,702,531 10,067 Crohn's disease 241,286 289,944 334,231 1,120,597 10,068 Crohn's disease 860,717 920,038 812,376 1,306,235 10,071 Crohn's disease 1,047,039 798,301 995,826 2,852,441 10,073 Crohn's disease 113 1,181,172 1,345,794 844,175 5,292,942 10,074 Crohn's disease 18 620,845 648,591 563,327 3,405,349 10,075 Crohn's disease 264,428 296,290 295,247 3,304,817 10,077 Crohn's disease 5 440,662 316,162 186,000 647,541 10,078 Crohn's disease 104 704,473 636,347 1,356,702 2,979,296 10,081 Crohn's disease 17 509,535 360,565 260,050 1,558,484 10,089 Crohn's disease 29 1,030,030 1,025,812 692,547 930,450 10,090 Crohn's disease 405,004 376,014 275,862 2,584,137 10,094 Crohn's disease 881,860 584,765 435,724 826,038 10,095 Crohn's disease 38,087 41,257 14,441 540,612 10,102 Crohn's disease 482,397 457,212 428,631 899,291 10,051 No digestive disease 774,286 1,543,419 674,603 1,290,323 10,052 No digestive disease 393,022 425,926 368,686 881,150 10,053 No digestive disease 878,508 1,064,617 748,198 1,055,576 10,054 No digestive disease 441,376 439,396 439,527 1,086,886 10,059 Anal fissure 293,422 265,604 410,485 1,062,125 10,066 Proctitis/Psoriasis 986,215 915,090 363,621 1,950,182 10,080 No digestive disease 707,800 741,718 472,696 1,882,808 10,082 No digestive disease 997,253 194,653 179,355 994,997 10,003 Ulcerative colitis 150,201 168,212 117,909 941,586 10,020 Ulcerative colitis 141,658 182,637 483,747 1,227,006 10,022 Ulcerative colitis 18 206,741 242,903 361,417 1,276,258 10,023 Ulcerative colitis 533,213 250,089 229,484 963,955 10,024 Ulcerative colitis 338,631 355,952 420,148 1,035,057 10,030 Ulcerative colitis 206,757 302,015 432,372 1,372,125 10,039 Ulcerative colitis 809,397 475,750 340,776 1,239,784 10,040 Ulcerative colitis 169,128 226,449 177,048 1,052,267 10,044 Ulcerative colitis 333,466 446,973 337,007 731,340 10,050 Ulcerative colitis 293,205 249,396 280,097 665,569 10,066 Ulcerative colitis 297,672 356,560 285,878 777,227 10,069 Ulcerative colitis 8 248,549 230,391 330,608 711,540 10,072 Ulcerative colitis 263,715 210,346 256,584 1,240,896 10,079 Ulcerative colitis 366,346 516,296 425,728 993,085 10,084 Ulcerative colitis 203,365 235,662 248,564 702,479 10,086 Ulcerative colitis 563,803 342,868 106,336 722,441 10,087 Ulcerative colitis 19 517,514 190,637 266,757 1,128,041 10,096 Ulcerative colitis 536,802 460,213 594,745 910,216 10,097 Ulcerative colitis 305,982 324,637 379,409 910,626 Avarage Crohn's disease 626,280 661,007 654,844 2,320,850 No Crohn's Disease 442,890 421,422 360,447 1,067,616 Median Crohn's disease 618,649 636,347 641,307 1,469,569 No Crohn's Disease 338,631 324,637 361,417 1,035,057 ttest CD vs Non CD 0.014066493 0.006955663 0.00158187 0.001111753 Patient No. Clinical Condition IgA Ab IgA Ab6Ab IgA GNb6ANa IgA Aa3Ab4GNb3Ab4Gb 10,001 Crohn's disease 162,963 222,014 457,637 160,609 10,004 Crohn's disease 336,469 723,124 704,572 312,718 10,005 Crohn's disease 376,168 376,729 481,419 479,168 10,006 Crohn's disease 181,747 301,883 397,316 147,591 10,007 Crohn's disease 145,443 267,124 156,536 175,515 10,008 Crohn's disease 357,896 656,873 690,791 405,779 10,009 Crohn's disease 531,803 459,344 760,867 505,990 10,011 Crohn's disease 399,677 384,850 732,815 451,006 10,012 Crohn's disease 793,281 351,295 733,115 258,768 10,013 Crohn's disease 666,523 921,613 1,574,544 755,187 10,015 Crohn's disease 671,617 644,176 1,884,674 823,921 10,016 Crohn's disease 788,283 953,482 960,341 1,035,719 10,018 Crohn's disease 905,785 944,644 1,114,615 1,120,640 10,021 Crohn's disease 253,534 238,664 367,215 291,684 10,025 Crohn's disease 365,034 421,319 614,655 422,498 10,026 Crohn's disease 341,464 350,620 1,150,207 365,731 10,027 Crohn's disease 153,556 230,660 349,796 162,963 10,028 Crohn's disease 54,145 99,647 194,085 70,783 10,031 Crohn's disease 160,146 222,400 447,640 165,475 10,033 Crohn's disease 273,900 429,171 778,721 370,672 10,034 Crohn's disease 171,098 122,238 369,875 243,404 10,036 Crohn's disease 374,533 610,588 643,454 439,899 10,041 Crohn's disease 199,838 291,742 205,720 181,180 10,042 Crohn's disease 420,518 458,300 1,391,126 529,478 10,043 Crohn's disease 605,571 542,596 569,482 628,435 10,047 Crohn's disease 392,383 327,753 458,138 446,556 10,058 Crohn's disease 319,531 471,263 326,815 334,876 10,060 Crohn's disease 644,454 689,063 709,019 664,299 10,061 Crohn's disease 1,206,122 1,066,288 1,343,921 1,252,570 10,062 Crohn's disease 1,022,422 795,474 886,127 648,731 10,064 Crohn's disease 276,204 387,207 429,791 361,165 10,067 Crohn's disease 212,729 275,459 299,711 163,918 10,068 Crohn's disease 323,221 314,013 563,963 485,132 10,071 Crohn's disease 641,204 545,489 738,740 519,438 10,073 Crohn's disease 947,978 502,913 549,025 1,734,370 10,074 Crohn's disease 457,612 527,719 487,532 484,359 10,075 Crohn's disease 194,980 259,283 247,300 225,781 10,077 Crohn's disease 157,701 285,013 251,925 125,116 10,078 Crohn's disease 303,071 458,245 551,350 354,403 10,081 Crohn's disease 186,390 227,023 326,164 197,405 10,089 Crohn's disease 347,786 456,655 544,660 386,430 10,090 Crohn's disease 412,253 337,503 306,485 305,576 10,094 Crohn's disease 256,814 320,654 593,541 406,523 10,095 Crohn's disease 45,568 76,182 27,736 37,539 10,102 Crohn's disease 206,488 236,594 325,721 249,229 10,051 No digestive disease 288,495 266,679 968,229 284,006 10,052 No digestive disease 135,704 180,348 303,864 112,295 10,053 No digestive disease 372,457 545,551 640,635 295,387 10,054 No digestive disease 246,375 279,630 318,118 198,859 10,059 Anal fissure 218,307 224,109 317,736 179,601 10,066 Proctitis/Psoriasis 495,388 657,131 736,683 485,492 10,080 No digestive disease 308,624 445,061 649,226 299,570 10,082 No digestive disease 96,297 150,924 193,102 88,789 10,003 Ulcerative colitis 76,240 126,755 143,652 78,004 10,020 Ulcerative colitis 319,940 583,244 178,132 321,496 10,022 Ulcerative colitis 188,916 399,670 208,178 182,508 10,023 Ulcerative colitis 118,896 136,478 201,303 131,550 10,024 Ulcerative colitis 139,853 233,051 359,658 170,812 10,030 Ulcerative colitis 127,271 136,718 323,945 126,499 10,039 Ulcerative colitis 183,846 235,006 449,717 181,355 10,040 Ulcerative colitis 113,511 176,403 249,464 117,935 10,044 Ulcerative colitis 194,884 169,474 449,998 213,189 10,050 Ulcerative colitis 239,071 305,609 324,797 312,988 10,066 Ulcerative colitis 255,302 270,165 568,720 250,785 10,069 Ulcerative colitis 204,935 197,255 419,431 198,088 10,072 Ulcerative colitis 286,381 174,449 263,180 169,568 10,079 Ulcerative colitis 569,214 361,508 887,360 422,569 10,084 Ulcerative colitis 442,837 206,449 182,069 254,076 10,086 Ulcerative colitis 137,226 98,580 117,532 134,968 10,087 Ulcerative colitis 194,669 142,531 298,763 196,730 10,096 Ulcerative colitis 398,374 513,371 588,895 405,529 10,097 Ulcerative colitis 245,148 235,651 467,802 285,631 Avarage Crohn's disease 405,469 439,668 622,644 444,187 No Crohn's Disease 244,372 276,066 400,377 225,862 Median Crohn's disease 341,464 384,850 549,025 370,672 No Crohn's Disease 218,307 233,051 323,945 198,088 ttest CD vs Non CD 0.004639777 0.001853597 0.007398896 0.001413793

TABLE 4 Fluorescent signals from binding of IgM antibodies to different glycans in CD patients and non CD patients. Glycans are presented in LINEARCODE ®. Patient No. Clinical condition IgM A[3S]b IgM Aa IgM Aa3Ab4GNb IgM Aa4Ab4Gb IgM Ab3(GNb6)ANa 10,001 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,004 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,005 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 161,405 10,006 Crohn's disease 0 68,568 0 402,561 166,017 10,007 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,008 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,009 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,011 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,012 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,013 Crohn's disease 1,274,136 1,194,896 1,392,444 0 0 10,015 Crohn's disease 367,307 390,644 325,647 0 0 10,016 Crohn's disease 260,897 0 14,251 0 0 10,018 Crohn's disease 248,996 226,314 158,547 0 0 10,021 Crohn's disease 762,735 852,490 700,041 0 327,738 10,025 Crohn's disease 466,121 319,573 565,269 0 0 10,026 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,027 Crohn's disease 151,367 437,186 547,822 0 0 10,028 Crohn's disease 510,204 540,836 723,234 0 81,777 10,031 Crohn's disease 165,011 242,183 199,166 0 15,958 10,033 Crohn's disease 14,440 0 1,113,845 0 0 10,034 Crohn's disease 770,101 695,338 641,641 0 121,757 10,036 Crohn's disease 163,646 642,487 2,180,044 0 0 10,041 Crohn's disease 123,889 89,104 151,581 0 0 10,042 Crohn's disease 0 1,345,482 1,158,234 0 0 10,043 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,047 Crohn's disease 831,510 857,115 1,076,947 — 465,551 10,058 Crohn's disease 128,555 220,493 428,347 — — 10,060 Crohn's disease 363,862 1,284,367 474,206 — 19,714 10,061 Crohn's disease 690,511 1,095,509 1,128,863 — 621,675 10,062 Crohn's disease 715,200 1,485,943 2,464,680 — 220,921 10,064 Crohn's disease 245,487 664,556 1,633,864 — 635,144 10,067 Crohn's disease 222,329 141,266 75,592 — — 10,068 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,071 Crohn's disease 67,858 77,830 88,393 0 272,031 10,073 Crohn's disease 0 0 147,447 30,339 184,079 10,074 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,075 Crohn's disease 65,267 34,147 241,365 0 65,722 10,077 Crohn's disease 0 214,916 88,848 0 321,513 10,078 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,081 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,089 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,090 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 6,781 10,094 Crohn's disease 68,165 118,072 97,315 93,394 70,477 10,095 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,102 Crohn's disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,051 No digestive disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,052 No digestive disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,053 No digestive disease 0 803,031 314,948 0 0 10,054 No digestive disease 0 0 33,896 86,151 118,374 10,059 Anal fissure 0 0 0 47,80 0 10,066 Proctitis/Psoriasis 255,614 613,172 366,386 711,585 672,896 10,080 No digestive disease — 142,813 1,437,670 367,136 255,635 10,082 No digestive disease — — — 361,634 266,794 10,003 Ulcerative colitis — — — — — 10,020 Ulcerative colitis — — — — — 10,022 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 230,936 5,354 0 10,023 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 538,071 0 10,024 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 119,591 2,544,871 10,030 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 0 79,886 10,039 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 0 26,754 10,040 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 0 0 10,044 Ulcerative colitis 7,575 99,214 210,443 53,421 548,458 10,050 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 0 0 10,065 Ulcerative colitis 646,009 651,393 679,823 669,033 381,610 10,069 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 0 0 10,072 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 0 375,381 10,079 Ulcerative colitis 0 79,891 36,805 512,305 182,972 10,084 Ulcerative colitis 0 0 0 0 0 10,086 Ulcerative colitis 16,235 221,934 0 293,278 0 10,087 Ulcerative colitis 175,021 175,678 321,514 145,748 337,665 10,096 Ulcerative colitis — — — — — 10,097 Ulcerative colitis — — — — 1,022,582 Avarage Crohn's disease 193,725 294,251 395,947 11,695 83,517 No Crohn's Disease 40,765 103,227 134,534 144,481 252,329 Median Crohn's disease 14,440 68,568 88,848 — — No Crohn's Disease — — — — — ttest CD vs Non CD 0.014433781 0.036400897 0.041051138 0.000390828 0.047775166 Patient No. Clinical condition IgM Ab3ANa IgM GNb3Ab4Gb IgM GNb3ANa IgM Dextran IgM Mannan 10,001 Crohn's disease 0 608,457 657,592 230,160 2,084,216 10,004 Crohn's disease 0 542,436 730,879 360,390 722,969 10,005 Crohn's disease 0 1,375,070 2,933,445 388,048 117,931 10,006 Crohn's disease 0 1,695,894 1,963,416 3,110,617 810,502 10,007 Crohn's disease 0 1,178,646 993,402 969,884 612,220 10,008 Crohn's disease 0 735,201 1,372,932 468,089 796,727 10,009 Crohn's disease 0 322,451 680,970 59,317 0 10,011 Crohn's disease 0 205,150 1,039,057 494,848 0 10,012 Crohn's disease 0 972,528 1,688,071 1,221,314 1,490,590 10,013 Crohn's disease 0 1,174,565 2,419,276 2,049,830 2,586,785 10,015 Crohn's disease 0 1,054,492 1,546,327 2,107,182 1,416,006 10,016 Crohn's disease 0 1,328,058 3,127,245 1,667,531 70,238 10,018 Crohn's disease 0 1,430,548 1,912,812 2,166,938 1,971,045 10,021 Crohn's disease 4,353 1,469,658 2,142,999 2,094,545 1,285,376 10,025 Crohn's disease 0 2,975,994 3,777,466 2,312,303 2,435,341 10,026 Crohn's disease 0 745,061 3,384,432 3,509,606 409,591 10,027 Crohn's disease 0 1,779,829 3,426,917 1,720,479 3,144,526 10,028 Crohn's disease 46,616 1,562,488 2,857,289 2,236,531 3,049,138 10,031 Crohn's disease 0 578,140 849,394 973,540 910,393 10,033 Crohn's disease 0 879,981 1,786,910 822,422 587,545 10,034 Crohn's disease 76,717 1,117,458 1,646,989 1,616,572 1,320,077 10,036 Crohn's disease 0 2,573,605 2,518,175 2,570,459 1,552,108 10,041 Crohn's disease 0 781,745 1,733,620 929,763 1,789,860 10,042 Crohn's disease 0 2,298,533 3,652,328 4,851,471 1,342,805 10,043 Crohn's disease 0 943,254 3,801,228 349,534 628,039 10,047 Crohn's disease 147,112 1,854,934 3,495,774 3,223,236 1,936,982 10,058 Crohn's disease — 897,206 1,775,488 766,028 983,376 10,060 Crohn's disease — 926,098 2,910,549 1,296,914 859,571 10,061 Crohn's disease 149,877 2,612,378 3,589,958 2,379,098 4,605,631 10,062 Crohn's disease 180,832 1,464,405 2,716,333 1,256,919 1,245,680 10,064 Crohn's disease — 1,893,522 3,343,233 2,212,175 2,923,034 10,067 Crohn's disease — 631,443 1,765,852 1,280,499 1,011,954 10,068 Crohn's disease 0 0 829,715 0 0 10,071 Crohn's disease 0 669,203 1,023,200 302,307 2,573,082 10,073 Crohn's disease 5,781 693,896 1,80,873 1,506,812 2,148,575 10,074 Crohn's disease 0 1,549,121 2,082,886 1,385,468 531,246 10,075 Crohn's disease 0 839,403 1,814,627 1,571,440 582,384 10,077 Crohn's disease 0 576,897 1,309,189 1,059,111 369,244 10,078 Crohn's disease 0 43,955 952,620 464,210 791,441 10,081 Crohn's disease 0 28,386 907,289 0 93,410 10,089 Crohn's disease 0 0 319,608 308,448 0 10,090 Crohn's disease 0 326,922 551,737 253,387 635,071 10,094 Crohn's disease 4,567 427,222 634,599 741,918 1,331,605 10,095 Crohn's disease 0 331,811 1,357,109 7,11,417 2,803,494 10,102 Crohn's disease 0 0 78,782 0 860,022 10,051 No digestive disease 0 0 0 70,898 0 10,052 No digestive disease 0 0 0 0 0 10,053 No digestive disease 0 909,819 1,957,899 2,93,154 160,549 10,054 No digestive disease 0 1,417,516 2,034,745 1,190,821 0 10,059 Anal fissure 0 621,074 860,869 553,501 0 10,066 Proctitis/Psoriasis 648,481 1,399,015 2,112,942 2,036,326 2,861,646 10,080 No digestive disease 13,016 682,951 1,763,399 466,996 226,598 10,082 No digestive disease 58,052 1,059,304 3,803,965 460,919 — 10,003 Ulcerative colitis — — — — — 10,020 Ulcerative colitis — — — — — 10,022 Ulcerative colitis 0 530,365 1,220,301 910,810 0 10,023 Ulcerative colitis 0 345,812 630,728 401,625 109,462 10,024 Ulcerative colitis 64,642 1,271,762 2,775,365 877,756 1,161,681 10,030 Ulcerative colitis 60,684 606,210 622,605 1,558,797 0 10,039 Ulcerative colitis 32,355 732,277 910,699 542,797 51,325 10,040 Ulcerative colitis 0 798,350 1,289,960 751,879 156,868 10,044 Ulcerative colitis 59,039 402,433 873,504 961,761 697,203 10,050 Ulcerative colitis 0 445,848 728,257 737,999 134,037 10,065 Ulcerative colitis 201,783 1,203,436 1,975,174 1,363,891 1,042,471 10,069 Ulcerative colitis 0 1,127,666 1,331,796 0 313,657 10,072 Ulcerative colitis 0 825,856 1,084,765 2,081,853 566,681 10,079 Ulcerative colitis 79,189 828,413 1,477,648 992,691 696,436 10,084 Ulcerative colitis 0 650,663 1,075,158 309,983 489,824 10,086 Ulcerative colitis 0 835,147 1,931,046 1,405,512 824,630 10,087 Ulcerative colitis 220,927 592,753 1,540,709 897,343 1,016,698 10,096 Ulcerative colitis — 331,000 441,228 452,374 582,057 10,097 Ulcerative colitis 33,778 854,116 2,517,741 913,480 517,995 Avarage Crohn's disease 13,908 1,024,356 1,895,124 1,333,594 1,277,643 No Crohn's Disease 54,516 684,140 1,294,463 838,279 429,258 Median Crohn's disease — 897,206 1,765,852 1,221,314 983,376 No Crohn's Disease — 662,951 1,220,301 751,679 160,549 ttest CD vs Non CD 0.059924749 0.029702213 0.17590683 0.034573847 0.000253081

TABLE 5 Specificity and sensitivity of the different IgG anti glycans for differentiation between CD and other digestive diseases using different cut-off values. The cutoff values for each glycans where set as the 89 percentiles of the other digestive disease group. Glycans are presented in LINEARCODE ®. Anti Glycan IgG antibodies Cut-off level Gb Gb3Gb Gb4Gb GGN[6S]b MMa Ma3(Ma6)Mb MMa3Ma MMannan XXylan MMa2Ma 65 percentile of Sensitivity for CD % 76 73 62 62 58 60 71 78 58 71 non CD Specificity for CD % 70 63 67 70 67 78 70 67 63 67 75 percentile of Sensitivity for CD % 62 71 58 60 71 60 64 73 62 71 non CD Specificity for CD % 74 74 78 78 52 78 78 74 74 78 85 percentile of Sensitivity for CD % 56 64 51 49 49 56 62 67 40 62 non CD Specificity for CD % 81 81 81 81 85 85 81 81 81 85 90 percentile of Sensitivity for CD % 49 62 33 42 44 56 60 47 36 40 non CD Specificity for CD % 89 89 89 89 89 93 89 89 89 89

TABLE 6 The sensitivity, specificity, True Positives (TP), True Negative (TN), False Positives (FP), and False Negatives (FN), and Positive Predictive Value (PPV) in different cut-of values for differentiation between CD and other digestive disease according to the level of Anti-Glc (β1,3) Glc (β) IgG. IgG Gb3Gb (abnormals above cut-off) Sensitivity Specificity TP TN FP FN PPV — 100.0% 0.0% 45 0 27 0 62.5 0 95.6% 0.0% 43 0 27 2 61.43 6,963 95.6% 3.7% 43 1 26 2 62.32 27,235 93.3% 3.7% 42 1 26 3 61.76 27,402 91.1% 3.7% 41 1 26 4 61.19 62,662 88.9% 3.7% 40 1 26 5 60.61 78,554 88.9% 7.4% 40 2 25 5 61.54 86,949 88.9% 11.1% 40 3 24 5 62.5 87,267 86.7% 11.1% 39 3 24 6 61.9 108,535 86.7% 14.8% 39 4 23 6 62.9 133,683 86.7% 18.5% 39 5 22 6 63.93 156,547 86.7% 22.2% 39 6 21 6 65 174,695 86.7% 25.9% 39 7 20 6 66.1 241,622 84.4% 25.9% 38 7 20 7 65.52 242,565 84.4% 29.6% 38 8 19 7 66.67 312,940 84.4% 33.3% 38 9 18 7 67.86 317,476 84.4% 37.0% 38 10 17 7 69.09 344,750 82.2% 37.0% 37 10 17 8 68.52 371,507 80.0% 37.0% 36 10 17 9 67.92 371,648 80.0% 40.7% 36 11 16 9 69.23 378,722 77.8% 40.7% 35 11 16 10 68.83 379,003 77.8% 44.4% 35 12 15 10 70 430,129 77.8% 48.1% 35 13 14 10 71.43 441,239 77.8% 51.9% 35 14 13 10 72.92 454,736 75.6% 51.9% 34 14 13 11 72.34 489,733 75.6% 55.6% 34 15 12 11 73.91 525,203 73.3% 55.6% 33 15 12 12 73.33 526,443 73.3% 59.3% 33 16 11 12 75 546,432 73.3% 63.0% 33 17 10 12 76.74 612,367 73.3% 66.7% 33 18 9 12 78.57 851,962 73.3% 70.4% 33 19 8 12 80.49 979,509 71.1% 70.4% 32 19 8 13 80 1,209,892 71.1% 74.1% 32 20 7 13 82.05 1,266,954 71.1% 77.8% 32 21 6 13 84.21 1,317,083 68.9% 77.8% 31 21 6 14 83.78 1,376,957 66.7% 77.8% 30 21 6 15 83.33 1,379,223 66.7% 81.5% 30 22 5 15 85.71 1,425,185 64.4% 81.5% 29 22 5 16 85.29 1,461,919 64.4% 85.2% 29 23 4 16 87.88 1,560,904 62.2% 85.2% 28 23 4 17 87.5 1,574,353 62.2% 88.9% 28 24 3 17 90.32 1,705,604 60.0% 88.9% 27 24 3 18 90 1,722,429 57.8% 88.9% 26 24 3 19 89.66 1,732,725 57.8% 92.6% 26 25 2 19 92.86 1,817,947 55.6% 92.6% 25 25 2 20 92.59 1,825,768 53.3% 92.6% 24 25 2 21 92.31 1,869,774 51.1% 92.6% 23 25 2 22 92 1,880,984 48.9% 92.6% 22 25 2 23 91.67 1,994,899 46.7% 92.6% 21 25 2 24 91.3 2,067,775 44.4% 92.6% 20 25 2 25 90.91 2,154,178 42.2% 92.6% 19 25 2 26 90.48 2,324,221 40.0% 92.6% 18 25 2 27 90 2,467,429 37.8% 92.6% 17 25 2 28 89.47 2,551,776 35.6% 92.6% 16 25 2 29 88.89 2,703,085 35.6% 96.3% 16 26 1 29 94.12 2,850,072 33.3% 96.3% 15 26 1 30 93.75 3,096,078 31.1% 96.3% 14 26 1 31 93.33 3,186,273 28.9% 96.3% 13 26 1 32 92.86 3,441,678 28.9% 100.0% 13 27 0 32 100 3,511,076 26.7% 100.0% 12 27 0 33 100 3,559,430 24.4% 100.0% 11 27 0 34 100 3,576,889 22.2% 100.0% 10 27 0 35 100 4,137,076 20.0% 100.0% 9 27 0 36 100 4,327,530 17.8% 100.0% 8 27 0 37 100 5,107,549 15.6% 100.0% 7 27 0 38 100 5,545,432 13.3% 100.0% 6 27 0 39 100 5,640,050 11.1% 100.0% 5 27 0 40 100 5,724,798 8.9% 100.0% 4 27 0 41 100 6,708,583 6.7% 100.0% 3 27 0 42 100 6,891,638 4.4% 100.0% 2 27 0 43 100 7,209,245 2.2% 100.0% 1 27 0 44 100 7,299,442 0.0% 100.0% 0 27 0 45 #####

TABLE 7 Part I. Fluorescent signals from binding of IgG antibodies to different glycans in CD Colitis patients and UC patients. Glycans are presented in LINEARCODE ®. Patient No. Patient No. Clinical condition IgG_Aa IgG_Ab4GNa IgG_Ab4GNb IgG_Ana IgG_Ga IgG_Gb IgG_GN(6S)b 10015 Crohn's disease 2313399.5 635468 690377.5 1472394.5 1738460.25 2507309.25 1752931 10018 Crohn's disease 1282598 1535296.5 773145 1304881 1556959.75 2349611.5 1316616 10028 Crohn's disease 400412 2027543.5 276464.5 565620.5 933864 527070 842969 10068 Crohn's disease 236509.5 326480.5 365799.5 468415 1037833.75 646782.25 820937.5 10089 Crohn's disease 6235212 873746.5 828641.5 879861.5 1551637.75 3140987 1459563 10102 Crohn's disease 425568 1252680.5 275934.5 402232.5 1119215.5 602214.25 684982 10105 Crohn's disease 208854.5 10003 Ulcerative colitis 187885.5 377841 259127 257702 659132.75 905251.25 729287 10020 Ulcerative colitis 1107251 1374336.5 775070.5 758803.5 1269500.5 1354221.5 1258840 10022 Ulcerative colitis 612362 549887 517309 377725.5 1467537 971547.25 805564.5 10023 Ulcerative colitis 230639.5 287362 216928.5 159075 693799.5 476804.75 335428 10024 Ulcerative colitis 984300.5 860812.5 654889 803682 1278164.75 1536704.5 1278711 10030 Ulcerative colitis 218405 948666.5 148121.5 131947 660381 313801.5 288801 10039 Ulcerative colitis 535525.5 355678.5 308129 335650.5 694135 788940 579956.5 10040 Ulcerative colitis 364266 313945 301998.5 236382 487735.75 508502.25 390982.5 10044 Ulcerative colitis 702426.5 809831 486338 678997 1026423.25 1134152 794829 10050 Ulcerative colitis 416618 1388773 491837 637010.5 992490 1307946.75 912013 10065 Ulcerative colitis 433662 500898.5 456155 593461 953378.25 983242.75 842731.5 10069 Ulcerative colitis 205728.5 714726 259398.5 329163 1215249.5 598735.5 672092 10072 Ulcerative colitis 192896 194102.5 182286 231396.5 1015614.25 320461 363892.5 10079 Ulcerative colitis 150330 519316 199636 460673.5 983715.25 405166 513526.5 10084 Ulcerative colitis 438643 696196 312418 448064 735412.25 703594 545286 10086 Ulcerative colitis 203076.5 203979 127167.5 323691.5 877230.25 686424.75 465633 10087 Ulcerative colitis 254433.5 421656 304673.5 338759.5 578500.5 615110 386385.5 10096 Ulcerative colitis 384127 1044393 244746 459440 1205875.25 997504 673275 10097 Ulcerative colitis 174679 267596.5 167481.5 344388.5 751111.75 424300.25 458307 10029 Ulcerative colitis 1024750 Average Crohn's disease colitis 1,815,617 1,108,536 535,060 848,901 1,322,995 1,628,996 1,146,333 Ulcerative colitis 410,382 622,631 337,564 416,106 923,441 791,179 647,134 Med Crohn's disease colitis 854,083 1,063,214 528,089 722,741 1,335,427 1,498,197 1,079,793 Ulcerative colitis 364,266 519,316 301,999 344,389 953,378 703,594 579,957 ttest 0.012022185 0.026037602 0.044509262 0.002568067 0.006995736 0.009487981 0.003042923 Part II. Patient No. Patient No. Clinical condition IgG_GNb IgG_GNb6ANa IgG_Ma IgG_Ma2Ma 10015 Crohn's disease 2155136.5 2105251 1210171.5 1865891 10018 Crohn's disease 1853996.5 1063920.5 1642422.5 2114538.5 10028 Crohn's disease 815951 1646003 471600 388120 10068 Crohn's disease 995101.5 1045720 1065364 1364558 10089 Crohn's disease 6756773.5 2984861.5 1732145.5 1975468 10102 Crohn's disease 984931 788111 768939 999741.5 10105 Crohn's disease 10003 Ulcerative colitis 575919 821537.5 432922 640303 10020 Ulcerative colitis 1372903 1524422.5 1363896 641830.5 10022 Ulcerative colitis 892125 2107553 696491.5 689169.5 10023 Ulcerative colitis 380898.5 412904.5 741737.5 524735.5 10024 Ulcerative colitis 1293243.5 1428660.5 981713 1501423 10030 Ulcerative colitis 368437.5 1521634 383159 465097.5 10039 Ulcerative colitis 603719 900021.5 427352.5 962878.5 10040 Ulcerative colitis 943099.5 1502139 387998 1617762 10044 Ulcerative colitis 1069004 740931 1166622 830608.5 10050 Ulcerative colitis 1120248 836121 1056914.5 1200920 10065 Ulcerative colitis 2518317 610962.5 666534.5 1165935.5 10069 Ulcerative colitis 899127 584783.5 359555 599937.5 10072 Ulcerative colitis 423833 310437.5 455587.5 482990.5 10079 Ulcerative colitis 508108 411685.5 425263.5 293342.5 10084 Ulcerative colitis 826299.5 552446.5 592992.5 509651.5 10086 Ulcerative colitis 744875 321304 402319 476814.5 10087 Ulcerative colitis 353199 256942.5 409432 380168.5 10096 Ulcerative colitis 910091.5 558828.5 633246 685412 10097 Ulcerative colitis 1859201.5 433687 267456 422519.5 10029 Ulcerative colitis Average Crohn's disease colitis 2,260,315 1,605,645 1,148,440 1,451,386 Ulcerative colitis 929,613 833,526 623,747 741,658 Med Crohn's disease colitis 1,424,549 1,354,962 1,137,768 1,615,225 Ulcerative colitis 892,125 610,963 455,588 640,303 ttest 0.022705775 0.012278151 0.004574538 0.003038408

TABLE 8 Part I. Fluorescent signals from binding of IgA antibodies to different glycans in CD Colitis patients and UC patients. Glycans are presented in LINEARCODE ®. Patient No. Clinical condition IgA_Aa3Ab4GNb3Ab4Gb IgA_Aa4Ab4Gb IgA_Ab IgA_Ab3(GNb6)ANa IgA_Ab3GNb IgA_Ab6Ab IgA_ANa 10015 Crohn's disease 823920.5 642431 671617 582327.5 1250743.5 644176 712552.5 10018 Crohn's disease 1120640 692655.5 905785 806576 555300 944644 509272.5 10028 Crohn's disease 70782.5 65409 54145 50555 64293 99647 102094.5 10068 Crohn's disease 485132 423765 323220.5 300755 278180.5 314013 335295 10089 Crohn's disease 386429.5 475156 347788 300281.5 396131 456654.5 426221.5 10102 Crohn's disease 249229 289752.5 206488 157775.5 189939 236594 224709.5 10105 Crohn's disease 10003 Ulcerative colitis 78003.5 74646.5 76239.5 77832.5 76386 128755 99557 10020 Ulcerative colitis 321496 286915 319939.5 316325 358795.5 583244 550607 10022 Ulcerative colitis 182507.5 253611.5 188916 269222.5 230976.5 399670 278082.5 10023 Ulcerative colitis 131549.5 113203.5 118895.5 106896 121660.5 136477.5 183293.5 10024 Ulcerative colitis 170812 191188.5 139852.5 313233 141818.5 233050.5 146876 10030 Ulcerative colitis 126498.5 114379.5 127270.5 101520.5 93169.5 136717.5 136593.5 10039 Ulcerative colitis 181355 168185 183845.5 185994.5 165022.5 235006 180943 10040 Ulcerative colitis 117934.5 122886.5 113510.5 116982.5 110072.5 176402.5 148789 10044 Ulcerative colitis 213188.5 235379.5 194883.5 299006 282039.5 169473.5 153085.5 10050 Ulcerative colitis 312988 253641 239070.5 233244.5 213519.5 305608.5 264615.5 10065 Ulcerative colitis 250784.5 555877.5 255301.5 267297.5 174792 270164.5 251877.5 10069 Ulcerative colitis 198087.5 171640.5 204934.5 161723.5 230896.5 197254.5 183682 10072 Ulcerative colitis 169567.5 230948 286381 174653 174006 174449 167844 10079 Ulcerative colitis 422569 430651.5 569214 337161 328102 361507.5 352796.5 10084 Ulcerative colitis 254076 234589 442836.5 212473 202150.5 206448.5 192001 10086 Ulcerative colitis 134968 117207 137226 73241.5 78799.5 98580 67717 10087 Ulcerative colitis 196730 404271.5 194668.5 134105.5 164685 142530.5 145004 10096 Ulcerative colitis 405,529 392063.5 398373.5 352667 365977.5 513370.5 391423 10097 Ulcerative colitis 285630.5 280728 245147.5 193135 199541 235651 203575.5 10029 Ulcerative colitis Average Crohns 522,689 431,528 418,174 366,378 455,765 449,288 385,024 UC 218,646 243,790 233,500 206,669 195,390 247,598 215,703 Med Crohns 435,781 449,461 335,504 300,518 337,156 385,334 380,758 UC 196,730 234,589 194,884 193,135 174,792 206,449 183,294 ttest 0.003432508 0.017087855 0.042789261 0.036632153 0.015545789 0.028930448 0.018529045 Part II Patient No. Clinical condition IgA_ANb IgA_Gb IgA_Gb3Gb IgA_GNb IgAGNb3Ab4Gb IgA_GNb3Ana IgA_GNb4GNb 10015 Crohn's disease 782432 2352257.5 3792549.5 1848069.5 957892.25 973773.5 1365558.5 10018 Crohn's disease 534881 1744966.5 1050178.5 1108481.5 809108 872211.5 826559 10028 Crohn's disease 100331.5 193866.5 186673.5 226701.5 144574 153168.25 355502 10068 Crohn's disease 303011.5 1012507 628503 691170.5 1218454 860716.75 920038.25 10089 Crohn's disease 420382.5 993118 1402344.5 975042.5 2982001.5 1030029.75 1025812.25 10102 Crohn's disease 254464 625656 628931.5 317767 288563.75 482396.5 457211.75 10105 Crohn's disease 313559 376495 459207.5 10003 Ulcerative colitis 98065.5 143964 141554.5 200912.5 116158.75 150200.75 168212.25 10020 Ulcerative colitis 531219.5 748577 786919.5 923043.5 146937.5 141658 182637 10022 Ulcerative colitis 323070.5 676825 455035 491029.5 218443.5 206741 242902.75 10023 Ulcerative colitis 145928.5 314442 284436.5 275060.5 238630.25 533213 250089 10024 Ulcerative colitis 189008.5 832661.5 442657 479785.5 288009 338630.5 355951.5 10030 Ulcerative colitis 231126 409200 284786.5 408023.5 236637.5 206756.5 302015 10039 Ulcerative colitis 168373 491547 517175.5 392005 786417 809396.5 475749.5 10040 Ulcerative colitis 177785.5 279361 218811.5 280689.5 205950.75 169128.25 226448.5 10044 Ulcerative colitis 161501 753256 473594.5 555971 392169.25 333466.25 446973.25 10050 Ulcerative colitis 271901 695130 382399.5 526927.5 383543.5 293205.25 249395.5 10065 Ulcerative colitis 203122.5 697130.5 670787.5 457057 291427.75 297671.75 356560.25 10069 Ulcerative colitis 212249.5 635934 527218.5 363936.5 194509.5 248548.5 230391 10072 Ulcerative colitis 185039.5 365880.5 357007 390922.5 288597 263714.5 210346.25 10079 Ulcerative colitis 366925 554240.5 2257419.5 1048892.5 406795.25 366346 516296.25 10084 Ulcerative colitis 206100.5 581235.5 434302.5 414222 179011.25 203365.25 235661.5 10086 Ulcerative colitis 101404 197886.5 207273 193242 433317.5 563802.75 342868 10087 Ulcerative colitis 171203 483024 475046 343527 203492.5 517514 190636.5 10096 Ulcerative colitis 433166 869958.5 824120.5 833330.5 445703.25 536801.5 460213 10097 Ulcerative colitis 229678 553467 738068.5 484123 299604.5 305982.25 324637 10029 Ulcerative colitis Average Crohns 399,250 1,153,729 1,281,530 861,205 1,066,766 728,716 825,114 UC 231,940 541,248 551,506 477,300 302,913 341,376 303,578 Med Crohns 361,697 1,002,813 839,555 833,107 883,500 866,464 873,299 UC 203,123 554,241 455,035 414,222 288,009 297,672 250,089 ttest 0.024586727 0.003969787 0.042899427 0.02591308 0.003184372 0.001126656 1.02649E−05 Part III Patient No. Clinical condition IgA_GNb6ANa IgA_Ma IgA_Ma2Ma IgA_Ma3(Ma6)Mb IgA_Ma3Ma 10015 Crohn's disease 1884673.5 793071.5 3415595 746825.5 999203.5 10018 Crohn's disease 1114615 961742.5 2917815.5 727784 717096 10028 Crohn's disease 194085 94336.5 256032 87390 103552 10068 Crohn's disease 563962.5 524544 807816.5 435971 503945.5 10089 Crohn's disease 544660 556490 819048.5 379526.5 459454 10102 Crohn's disease 325721 261633.5 729964 231998.5 316389 10105 Crohn's disease 10003 Ulcerative colitis 143651.5 115658.5 287171.5 95305 105407.5 10020 Ulcerative colitis 178131.5 256154 1079174.5 192167 234420 10022 Ulcerative colitis 208178 324237.5 656144 211938 215720.5 10023 Ulcerative colitis 201303 227006.5 637593 207601.5 240763.5 10024 Ulcerative colitis 359657.5 338794 1125587.5 262327 295575.5 10030 Ulcerative colitis 323944.5 272317.5 856355.5 201701 229526.5 10039 Ulcerative colitis 449716.5 387887.5 710761 276315.5 280618 10040 Ulcerative colitis 249464 164073.5 312896.5 135720 121149.5 10044 Ulcerative colitis 449997.5 326666.5 748596 239592.5 308066 10050 Ulcerative colitis 324796.5 314891.5 547079 281154 196723 10065 Ulcerative colitis 568719.5 316328.5 847658 287586.5 286285.5 10069 Ulcerative colitis 419430.5 389266 724998.5 354004 439389 10072 Ulcerative colitis 263180 229358.5 817809 179841 253729.5 10079 Ulcerative colitis 887360 514181.5 1012361 612803 859776.5 10084 Ulcerative colitis 182069 194750.5 1041362.5 178116 217626 10086 Ulcerative colitis 117532 95669.5 191239 121532 100620.5 10087 Ulcerative colitis 298763 303731 700059.5 248842.5 264208.5 10096 Ulcerative colitis 588895 564102 1394898 522042.5 499770 10097 Ulcerative colitis 467802 289141 737150 276116 236299 10029 Ulcerative colitis Average Crohns 771,286 531,970 1,491,045 434,916 516,607 UC 351,715 296,011 759,415 257,090 283,457 Med Crohns 554,311 540,517 813,433 407,749 481,700 UC 323,945 303,731 737,150 239,593 240,764 ttest 0.014389095 0.0113452 0.029286279 0.032460361 0.026205708

TABLE 9 Anti-glycan antibody levels in CD patients with complicated disease (fistulizing or fibrostensoing) versus CD patients with non complicated disease (inflammatory). Anti glycan antibodies levels, (EU)^(0.5) Mean (SD) Complicated Non complicated disease disease Antibodies (n = 264) (n = 474) ALCA 6.6 (2.0)** 5.8 (2.0) ACCA 7.8 (3.4)** 6.4 (2.9) AMCA 9.0 (2.3)** 8.1 (2.2) gASCA 8.3 (3.7)** 6.4 (3.7) **p < 0.00001 versus Non-complicated disease course

TABLE 10 Regression analysis: significance of different marker for differentiation between CD patients with complicated disease vs. patients with non-complicated disease Variable Coefficient p gASCA 0.0231 <0.0001 ACCA 0.0210 <0.0001 ALCA 0.0203 0.0239 CARD15 total number of 0.0595 0.0246 variants AMCA — Non significant

TABLE 11 Diagnostics performance for differentiation between CD patients with complicated diseases and CD patients non-complicated disease course according to combination of gASCA and CARD15 variants and according to combination of gASCA, ACCA, ALCA and CARD15 variants Positive Negative Overall Sensitivity Specificity predictive predictive agreement (%) (%) value (%) Value (%) (%) Combination of gASCA, ALCA, 44.8 80.1 79.1 47.1 57.9 ACCA, and CARD15 (cutoff = 0.54) Combination of gASCA, and CARD15 34.7 80.3 74.9 42.1 51.6 (cutoff = 7.1)

TABLE 12 Anti-glycan antibody levels in CD patients with need for surgery versus CD patients who do not need surgery. Anti glycan antibodies levels, (EU)^(0.5) Mean (SD) Need for surgery No need for surgery Antibodies (n = 422) (n = 333) ALCA 6.5 (2.0)*  6.0 (2.0) ACCA 7.8 (3.4)** 6.8 (3.1) AMCA 8.9 (2.3)*  8.3 (2.1) gASCA 8.3 (3.6)** 6.7 (3.9) **p < 0.00001 versus No need for surgery *p < 0.01 versus No need for surgery

TABLE 13 Regression analysis: significance of different marker for differentiation between CD patients who need surgery vs. patients without need for surgery. Variable Coefficient p gASCA 0.0331 <0.0001 ACCA 0.0156 0.0012 ALCA — Non significant CARD15 total number of 0.089  0.0246 variants AMCA — Non significant

TABLE 14 Diagnostics performance for differentiation between CD patients with need for surgery and CD patients without need for surgery according to a combination of gASCA and CARD15 variants and according to combination of gASCA, ACCA and CARD15 variants Positive Negative Overall Sensitivity Specificity predictive predictive agreement (%) (%) value (%) Value (%) (%) Combination of gASCA, ACCA, and 30.7 90.0 71.9 59.5 60.2 CARD15 (cutoff = 0.52) Combination of gASCA, and CARD15 23.4 90.6 68.6 57.4 59.2 (cutoff = 0.44)

TABLE 16 Regression analysis: significance of different marker for differentiation between IBD patients and non-IBD patients. Variable Coefficient p gASCA 0.0262 <0.0001 ACCA −0.0054 0.1081 ALCA 0.0420 <0.0001 CARD15 total number of 0.0390 0.0177 variants AMCA 0.0139 0.0089

TABLE 15 Anti-glycan antibody levels in IBD patients versus non-IBD pateints Anti glycan antibodies levels, (EU)^(0.5) Mean (SD) IBD Non-IBD Antibodies (n = 1225) (n = 313) ALCA 5.9 (2.1)** 4.1 (1.4) ACCA 6.9 (3.3)  6.8 (2.6) AMCA 8.2 (2.3)** 7.0 (1.8) gASCA 6.6 (3.9)** 3.0 (1.4) **p < 0.00001 versus Non-IBD

TABLE 17 Diagnostic performance for differentiation between IBD patients with and non-IBD according to combination of gASCA versus combination of gASCA, ACCA, AMCA, ALCA and CARD15 variants Positive Negative Overall Sensitivity Specificity predictive predictive agreement (%) (%) value (%) Value (%) (%) Combination of gASCA, ACCA, 72.7 80.5 93.4 42.7 74.1 ALCA, AMCA and CARD15 (cutoff = 0.38) Combination of gASCA and CARD15 66.4 80.5 93.0 38.0 69.2 (cutoff = 4.0) 

1. A method for diagnosing severe Crohn's disease in a subject, the method comprising, providing a test sample from a subject with symptoms of Crohn's disease; and determining whether said sample includes an antibody selected from an antibody selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody, wherein the presence of said antibodies in said test sample indicates the subject has severe Crohn's disease.
 2. The method of claim 2, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes two antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes three antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes four antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes five antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining whether said sample includes an antibody selected from the group consisting of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA) and an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA), an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said method comprises determining whether said sample includes two antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA) and an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA), an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said method comprises determining whether said sample includes three antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA) and an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA), an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein said method comprises determining whether said sample includes four antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA), an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein said method comprises determining whether said sample includes an anti mannan antibody (gASCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA), an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising determining whether said sample includes an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA).
 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining whether said subject has a CARD15 allele associated with Crohn's disease.
 14. The method of claim 7, wherein said method comprises determining whether said subject has the R702W, G908R, or 1007fs CARD15 allele.
 15. The method of claim 7, further comprising determining whether said subject with severe Crohn's disease has strictures or fistulas.
 16. The method of claim 5, further comprising treating said subject with said antibodies for symptoms associated with severe Crohn's disease.
 17. The method of claim 5, wherein said treatment is surgery.
 18. The method of claim 5, wherein said anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, said anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), and said anti-laminarin antibody are IgG antibodies and said anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA) and said anti-β-GalNAc antibodies are IgA antibodies.
 19. The method of claim 7, wherein said (gASCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and anti-α-Man antibody (AMA) are IgG antibodies.
 20. The method of 19, the anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, the anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), the anti-β-GalNAc, and the anti-laminarin antibody are IgG antibodies and the anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA) and the anti-β-GalNAc antibody are IgA antibodies
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said test sample is serum.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the presence of antibodies in said sample are determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
 23. The method of claim 4, wherein said subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if when said anti-β-GalNAc is above S, said anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody is above T, said ALCA level is above W, said AGCA is above X, said anti-laminarin antibody is above Y, and said ACCA level is above Z, wherein S, T, W, X, Y, and Z are independently selected to achieve an optimized clinical parameter selected from the group consisting of: sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement.
 24. The method of claim 6, wherein said subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease, if when said gASCA level is above U, and said AMCA is above V, wherein U and V are independently selected to achieve an optimized clinical parameter selected from the group consisting of: sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement.
 25. The method of claim 4, wherein said method comprises determining the aggregate amount of ALCA, anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, AGCA, anti-β-GalNAc anti-laminarin antibodies and ACCA, wherein the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if the aggregate amount of said antibodies is greater than R.
 26. The method of claim 11, wherein said method comprises determining the aggregate amount of ALCA, anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, AGCA, anti-β-GalNAc anti-laminarin antibodies and ACCA, wherein the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if the aggregate amount of said antibodies is greater than R.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein said method further comprises determining the aggregate amount of gASCA, AMCA, AMBA, AMNA and AMA antibodies, and said subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if the aggregate amount of said antibodies is greater than R.
 28. A method for assessing the prognosis of Crohn's disease complications in a subject, the method comprising providing a test sample from a subject with symptoms of Crohn's disease; and determining whether said sample includes an antibody selected from an antibody selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, an anti-Glc(α1,6)Glc(α) antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody, wherein the presence of said antibodies in said test sample indicates a severe Crohn's disease prognosis for said subject.
 29. A method for assessing the prognosis of Crohn's disease complications in a subject, the method comprising providing a test sample from a subject with symptoms of Crohn's disease; and determining whether said sample includes an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), and an anti-Mannan antibody, wherein the presence of said antibodies in said test sample indicates a severe Crohn's disease prognosis for said subject.
 30. A method for differentiating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from a disease other than IBD in subject, the method comprising providing a test sample from a subject with symptoms of IBD; and determining whether said sample includes determining whether said sample includes an antibody selected from an antibody selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody, wherein the presence of said antibodies in said test sample indicates the subject has inflammatory bowel disease.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes two antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes three antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes four antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes five antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 35. The method of claim 30, wherein said method includes determining whether said sample includes an anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), an anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, an anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA), an anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), an anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and an anti-laminarin antibody.
 36. The method of claim 30, further comprising determining whether said sample includes an antibody selected from the group consisting of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA), an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein said method comprises determining whether said sample includes two antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), an anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein said method comprises determining whether said sample includes three antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA) and an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein said method comprises determining whether said sample includes four antibodies selected from the group consisting of an anti mannan antibody (gASCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 40. The method of claim 36, wherein said method comprises determining whether said sample includes an anti mannan antibody (gASCA), an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), and an anti-α-Man antibody (AMA).
 41. The method of claim 30, wherein said method further comprises determining whether said sample includes an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA).
 42. The method of claim 30, further comprising determining whether said subject has a CARD15 allele associated with Crohn's disease.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein said method comprises determining whether said subject has the R702W, G908R, or 1007fs CARD15 allele.
 44. The method of claim 30, further comprising determining whether said subject with inflammatory bowel disease has strictures or fistulas.
 45. The method of claim 30, further comprising treating said subject with said antibodies for symptoms associated with severe Crohn's disease.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein said treatment is surgery.
 47. The method of claim 30, wherein said anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, said anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), said anti-β-GalNAc, and said anti-laminarin antibody is an IgG antibody and said anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA) or said anti-β-GalNAc antibody is an IgA antibody.
 48. The method of claim 36, wherein said (gASCA) antibody, an anti-Man(α1,3)Man(α) antibody (AMCA) antibody, anti-Man(α1,6)Man(α) antibody (AMBA), anti-Man(α1,2)Man(α) antibody (AMNA), or anti-α-Man antibody (AMA) is an IgG antibody.
 49. The method of claim 35, wherein said anti-Glc(β1,3)Glc(β) antibody (ALCA), anti-Glc(β1,6)Glc(β) antibody, said anti-α-GalNAc antibody (AGCA), said anti-β-GalNAc antibody, and said anti-laminarin antibody are IgG antibodies and said anti-GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β) antibody (ACCA) and said anti-β-GalNAc antibodies are IgA antibodies.
 50. The method of claim 30, wherein said test sample is serum.
 51. The method of claim 30, wherein the presence of antibodies in said sample are determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
 52. The method of claim 30, wherein said subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if when said ALCA level is above W, said AGCA is above X, said anti-laminarin antibody is above Y, and said ACCA level is above Z, wherein W, X, Y, and Z are independently selected to achieve an optimized clinical parameter selected from the group consisting of: sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement.
 53. The method of claim 30, wherein said subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease, if when said gASCA level is above U, and said AMCA is above V, wherein U and V are independently selected to achieve an optimized clinical parameter selected from the group consisting of: sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and overall agreement.
 54. The method of claim 30, wherein said method comprises determining the aggregate amount of ALCA, AGCA, anti-laminarin antibodies and ACCA, wherein the subject is determined to have severe Crohn's disease if the aggregate amount of said antibodies is greater than T. 